What are the students

Brittany a great Listener, She always has a positive attitude, she looks at you when your speaking, gives gestures, and acknowledges you while your speaking. She's always alert and respectfully to questions In a conversation. She offers feedback and she's great at making constructive correctly sound â€Å"nice†. 2. What are the student's 3 (three) major â€Å"communication weaknesses? † Brittany Really doesn't have any weaknesses when it comes to communication, but if there is a problem in our allegations she will rather text then talk.I find that a minor weakness, because our generation would rather talk than work issues out in person. Questions to be answered by you the student 1 . How did this activity help you with your communication strengths and weakness? This activity gave positive and negative opinions on my communication skills and they were very beneficial. One thing I can say is when I communicate with family and friends set aside from having to communicate a t work or In class I would rather text then talk on the phone or In person and maybe that has become a weakness when It moms to my communication skills.Other than that I am comfortable with his opinions on my strengths when it comes to communication. 2. Did this actively bring to surface some issues you should be concerned about? Yes, this activity did bring to surface some issues, only because like I said in my other response I'll text before I actually pick up the phone, or ill text if there's a situation I want to discuss with my significant other. My overall approach will be less testing, and Just start communication with certain people more in person. What are the students By Brittanyhackett2010 .What are the student's 3 (three) major â€Å"communication strengths? † Britain's a alert and responsibility to questions in a conversation. She offers feedback and she's great at making constructive criticism sound â€Å"nice†. 2. What are the student's 3 friends set asi de from having to communicate at work or in class I would rather text then talk on the phone or in person and maybe that has become a weakness when it comes to my communication skills. Other than that I am comfortable with his opinions on my strengths when it comes to communication.

Peace in Eastern Religions Essay

All Eastern religions have their own ideas about engendering peace within individuals and society. Jainism and Buddhism insist on the protection of all life. Confucianism permits war whenever reality would not allow for absolute peace within society. Daoism, on the contrary, rejects war by almost equating tranquility with the true nature of humanity. It is reasonable, therefore, to pose the following questions: Do all people love peace? If so, why do we have to discuss the subverting of hatred? As a matter of fact, all people cannot find peace until and unless they have come to believe in certain peace-inducing thoughts, such as ahimsa of the Buddhists. All religions propose peace with their particular sets of beliefs. Followers of the religions are required to know the thoughts of their peace-loving leaders, however, before they can find absolute peace within themselves. There is no religion without knowledge, which is why a Jain must know the basic beliefs of his or her community before peace could be practiced in the form of complete nonviolence. I believe that the â€Å"inner peace† proposed by Buddhism is the most important definition of peace. This is the kind of peace that is available to all, regardless of our levels of education. Even before an individual has realized the peace-inducing thoughts of the Buddha, or another religious leader, â€Å"inner peace† is essentially available. Moreover, nonviolence is best practiced with â€Å"inner peace. † If this kind of peace is not available to an individual, he or she may find it difficult also to understand the nonviolent practices of the religion. After all, an agitated and wrathful mind would not be able to practice nonviolence in the best possible way. Despite the fact that Buddhism is an offshoot of Hinduism, Smith-Christopher (1998), the editor of Subverting Hatred: The Challenge of Nonviolence in Religious Traditions, has positioned the chapter on Buddhism before the chapter on Hinduism. This allows the reader to understand the origins of Buddhism after reflecting on the religion. Most importantly, however, the placement of the chapter on Buddhism before the chapter on its origins allows the reader to be introduced to the concept of â€Å"inner peace† earlier on. This is an indispensable form of peace without which no concept of nonviolence is possible to be understood. Seeing that the subject of the book is the practice of peace, it would have been appropriate also to place the chapter on Buddhism as the first chapter in the book – simply for an understanding of â€Å"inner peace. †

Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay

â€Å"A pure natural friendship uncorrupted by social prejudice† In light if this comment discuss the relationship of Huck and Jim. Huckleberry Finn is a novel of the pastoral genre written by Mark Twain in 1885, a time when slavery was rampant. The novel follows the journey of the protagonist, a white boy named Huck Finn who coincidently begins a journey with a run-away slave Jim, filled with trials and tribulations. Although this may be a coincident the pair slowly form a relationship described as a friendship and others even go to the extent of describing it as father-son relationship. One of the many ways in which the friendship can be viewed is the fact that it is a pure and natural friendship as shown by Huck who claims he wouldn’t want to be â€Å"nowhere else but here† hence displaying the satisfaction and content he feels with the situation of being friends. However other aspects of the novel allow the reader to describe the friendship as corrupt rather than pure due to the way in which Huck refers to Jim by the use of the term â€Å"nigger†, an offensive term used by society to belittle black people. One of the central issues outlined by Twain in the novel is â€Å"Racism†. White people believed that they were superior and combined with superstition believed that black people were evil as a result black people were given very little rights. Huck holds these similar values which are presented when he refers to Jim as a â€Å"nigger† numerous times. In addition, the way in which Huck’s attitude and behaviour presented, consist of various elements of prejudice in which Huck feels he is far more intelligent and superior than Jim. Huck says â€Å"you can’t learn a nigger to argue.† The use of irony allows the reader to understand the view that white people held and how foolish the view was because in reality the argument presented by Jim in the first place is indeed stronger however due to society’s corrupt views Huck is influenced therefore he is unable to recognise the fact that Jim has a strong argument. Look more:  satire in huckleberry finn essay However, it has to be considered that Huck is still a young boy who has been brought up by the society which holds the view that white people a superior consequently, Huck has been socialised to act the way he is and referring to Jim as a â€Å"nigger† may just be the norm and not at all used in a criticising manner. Although Huck takes time to accept Jim, Twain constantly shows how Jim encourages the friendship and praises Huck by referring to him as a â€Å"de ole true Huck; the only white gentlemen.† Although Huck is a boy Jim refers to him as a gentleman, a description which increases Huck’s confidence and displays a relationship developing between the two. The fact that Jim is encouraging the friendship shows how he is emerging from society’s conventions as the norm would be to indeed act like a slave and not even considering pursuing any other sort of relationship apart from the known slave-master relationship. Huck’s attitude towards Jim is v ery similar to Pap’s. At the beginning of the novel Pap says â€Å"why looky here there’s a free nigger from Ohio- a mulatter, must as white as a white man† Pap refers to Jim as though he is an object of very low status or a meaningless object rather than actual human being. He considers himself to be of a very high status despite his drunkard and abusive nature. The way in which Twain represents Hucks tone of voice and attitude displays how he holds a similar ideology of the fact that white people are superior. He says â€Å"it was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go humble myself to a nigger† his tone of voice signifies his disappointment and half-heartedness in accepting the fact that he was wrong. He refers to Jim as â€Å"a nigger† which in itself shows how he feels regarding Jim. He refers to Jim as though he is an inanimate object who has no feelings and to be â€Å"humble† towards a nigger was a disgrace hence displaying the social prejudice that existed between the pair. However, due to the bildungsroman form of the novel, Huck undergoes a not just a physical journey but also a psychological journey in which he learns the true importance of friendship. Throughout the novel Huck is constantly facing an internal struggle another important focus of the novel. He is struggling to make a decision regarding Jim. Should he hand Jim over or go against societies conventions and protect and help his new friend. In the climax of the novel Huck is finally forced to make a choice and has to â€Å"decide, forever† and in the end decides to go against societies views of social prejudice and the extent of the decision he made is presented through his inner thoughts and ironically he feels that he will be shunned by his community accepts the fact that he’ll â€Å"go to hell† just for protecting Jim and accepting Jim as his friend. The catalyst for Huck’s decision was the sale of Jim back into slavery and as a result Hucks internal struggle finally meets an end and his search for his conscience ends therefore allowing the reader to understand that although their relationship may not have started out as a pure natural friendship, through the various adventures they faced finally come to an end. His decision to recognise Jim’s humanity is not shared by the rest of society. In conclusion, the relationship of Huck and Jim can be described as not an entirely pure natural friendship uncorrupted by society prejudices as Huck takes a physical and psychological journey consisting of many events all adding up to one big adventure that allows him to gain insight on the true meaning of friendship and loyalty.

Fraud And Capital Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fraud And Capital Market - Research Paper Example These eroded financial statements are referred to as fraudulent financial reporting which can be defined in broad sense as deliberate misstatements or oversight of monetary values or disclosures in financial statements prepared to mislead financial statement users. Previous cases of fraud have left investors and regulators looking for answers like how can creative accounting be stopped, how it start and who is to blame when its revealed in their companies. Generally, these entire questions seem to be answered by putting liabilities to management for failure to comply with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Again, failure to detect fraud can be a backlog of independent auditors for failure to apply Generally Accepted Auditing principles (GAAP) accordingly. To counteract these frauds, regulators, corporations and government have instituted various professional ethics and liability laws to reduce such cases. Fraud detection and procedure Fraud detection is not necessarily the duty and obligation of the obvious and recognized agents such as investors, SEC and the independent auditors; rather it is the obligation of community which includes the media, industry regulatory actors, and the company employees. According to the research conducted by the (Kuhn & Sutton, 2006) whistleblowers defer in their capacity to detect frauds. Essentially, the researches indicate that, under legal duties and obligations, the independent auditors and the security regulators are the primary detector agents, auditors can either be internal or external. A fraud can either be detected by an internal auditor or external auditor since both have mutual interests in regard to internal financial controls. The internal auditor is usually part of the company or organization; their roles are stipulated by their respective boards, management and the professional standards while external auditors are not part of the organization but in the line of duty they are engaged by the organization (Harrison 2002). Their roles are set by their client and primary statute for a purpose of providing an independent opinion toward the organization financial statement and this is done annually. Both external and internal auditors ought to meet and share common interest which are directly related to auditing Procedures that auditor needs to go through to discover fraud There are three main steps auditors go through in detecting fraud, these steps are planning, execution and reporting, these steps involve follow up actions that reflect the performance of the audit. In a normal audit, fraud detecting can be done during the planning and execution stage. The table below show procedures an auditor ought to go through in order to detect fraud. Overview of fraud and detection process during normal audit During planning, the auditors assess the risk of fraud; this involves discussions between auditors to consider how and where the financial entity is lik ely to be susceptible to fraud (Harrion 2002). This assessment involves known external and internal factors that affect the financial entity and also consider risk of management overrule of control, and how the auditor is likely to react to the susceptibility of the entity in regard to fraud. During planning, it is important to obtain information required to identify fraud. The auditors are supposed to get sufficient

This is for principles of Law and taxation Term Paper

This is for principles of Law and taxation - Term Paper Example The country has over time carried out fundamental reforms in its judicial system that gets geared towards promoting democracy in the country. The third part of the constitution of Azerbaijan got adopted in 1995. The national leader of Azerbaijan, Haydar Aliyev, led these judicial reforms. Among the Acts that got adopted was the constitutional court act, courts and judges’ act, public prosecution act, police act and operational investigational act (Kruger 231). All the above acts met the requirements of international law. Following these reforms, there was an establishment of a three-staged independent judiciary system. The first degree of the judiciary system comprised of the courts of appeal and the court of Cassation. Presently, city courts act as first degree jurisdictional courts. The military courts and the local economic courts act as territorial jurisdictional courts. The supreme court of Azerbaijan comprises of four chambers. The four chambers are the civil chamber, the criminal chamber, the military chamber and the administrative-economic chamber. The four chambers serve the different types of legal cases in the country depending on the nature of the case. The Supreme Court treats the decisions made by the courts of appeal in cassational order. In January 19, 2006, the president of Azerbaijan signed a decree which would ensure that the judicial reforms in the country bridge on to the next phase (Motyl & Amanda 57). The constitutional court of Azerbaijan provides the highest authority of the constitution. The judicial-legal counsel act came into place in 2005. The act outlined the measures to be taken to make the human rights provided in the constitutional effective. The counsel constituted of 15 persons 9 of which were judges. The others were representatives of the president and other statutory bodies such as the parliament. The training sector of judges got further established under the counsel (Motyl &

History of Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Architecture - Research Paper Example he posts are often made with the wood while the roof or the building was covered with stone tiles that made the roof heavy and protect the building from the heavy winds and cyclones. In this way, the architectural techniques were adopted not only to make the building attractive but also durable. The most significant buildings that signified the Japanese architecture included shrines and temples. Unlike some Chinese and Western architecture, the Japanese architecture tries to avoid the use of stone unless deemed necessary for specific purposes as noted in the temple of pagoda and podia foundations. The structural layout includes lintels and posts. The style of building the shrines also contributed to the construction style for domestic and urban architecture characterized by the nature of the building materials and the design of the tower. Buddhism is therefore cited as a major contributor in enhancement of Japanese architecture as noted by building of temples (Young & Young 1-28). In the Japanese structures Sliding doors were utilized to maintain no hurdle and to keep the inner space wide open. Little or even no furniture was placed inside the rooms to make the inner space open. Considering Japanese history of architecture, the Japanese architecture went through numerous periods of innovation. The beginning of the 7th century was mostly dominated by wooden structures noted by temples and shrines built by the noblemen. This period in history is referred to as Nara and Asuka periods of architecture. They were also periods that marked heightened growth of Japanese art and culture. In the 9th century, which was referred to as the Heian period was basically a continuation of the architectural developments in the previous periods. It also marked a period of the beginning of the Chinese influence as one of the formidable architectural forces as Japanese architects of the time travelled and studied Chinese design. Thereafter, wood temples started to spring up in large

Business Strategic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategic - Essay Example number of mergers and acquisitions over the years have seen AB InBev increase its production, market and distribution of about of its beer 200 brands that include the popular global brand Budweiser Beck’s. In addition to brands such as Stella Artois, Klinskoye, Bud Light, Leffe Hoegaarden, Skol, Jupiler, Brahma, Quilmes, Harbin, Sedrin, Michelob, Sibirskaya, Chernigivske and Korona (Reuters, 2014; Solitro, 2013). The company’s production and distribution is based on a division of its brands into global, multi-country and local beer in order to take advantage of different tastes of its customers based on geographical and regional presence. The beer brands produced by AB InBev has been further been categorized into premium brands, mainstream, and sub-premium brands to take care of the economic aspects of their customers (Reuters, 2014). This essay explores value chain analysis of AB InBev PLC that will provide a clear perspective on how the company achieves maximum process effectiveness. Therefore, this analysis will rely on key aspects of the value chain hypothesis introduced by Porter where the main activities under review will cover inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service, which are all essential components in the operations of a company in the beverage industry (Porter, 2008). The importance of this value chain analysis is to find out how AB InBev PLC creates its competitive advantage and shareholder value that can only be attained through measures that ensure the cost of providing their products remains low. This is in order to generate a profit margin in addition to identifying and making assessment of competency in core areas of the company (Woodside, 2009). Inbound Logistics for any company covers all the necessary activities that take place to ensure uninterrupted supply of the necessary inputs and raw materials the company needs for a smooth production process (Dagoon, 2005). To have a have control over

Why Television Shows Should Not Be Allowed to Use Obscene Language Essay

Why Television Shows Should Not Be Allowed to Use Obscene Language - Essay Example The family may be comprised of a father; mother and two children aged 8 and 11 years respectively. The television program will not be enjoyable at all to watch since the mother and the father will be feeling uncomfortable when some words are spoken. At times, the child might even ask their parents about the meaning of some words that are really embarrassing even to mention. The parents end up being tongue tied since they do not how to explain it since the word are really embarrassing. On the other hand, the use of obscene language in our television shows usually contribute to deviant behaviors in people both the adults and children. The children are the ones that are affected more by the obscene language since they tend to speak some of the words that were used in the show to their peers. When such a situation comes, it becomes very hard to control the behavior of such children since they are imitating what grown up are seeing in television programs. Even if their parent would like to correct their children’s behavior by telling them not to use such words, they would not listen as they would argue that if these words are used in television by even grown-ups, why should we not use it. This becomes the point of discussion between the children and their parent in the course of correcting children behaviors.

Productivity and Human Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Productivity and Human Performance - Essay Example Compatibility in the aspects of attitude, need and work is very important in assessing a person's productivity. This leads us to the habit of understanding other persons feeling by the practice of tact and empathy. If management fails to provide a platform for expressing their individualism then this can be a handicapped towards their decision making and self confidence and destroys their will to outrun competition by performance. Speaking openly with one's ideas and any improvements that is work related may overcome fear or discomfort that will accelerate daily social interactions. One does not have the right to humiliate unintelligent conversations for it defines who they are partially reflecting how they feel towards a certain subject. Good work relationships depict the ability to communicate emotions in non verbal ways and in a lot of significant actions. This serves us to understand the person not only as to how they communicate but the hidden meanings of their nonverbal ways wh ich is in a lot of situations gives us a clearer picture of what they want. What most managers fail to practice are their listening skills and lowering indifference barriers to non intelligent flow of conversations from workers. Teamwork to productivity. This paper seeks to identify the things that negatively impact and lowers productivity. We have to bridge the gap to accurately pick up nonverbal cues to connect workers relationships to verbal repertoire. The things that we have been practicing everyday are being able to read between the lines through signals from the eyes, facial expression, tone of voice, and posture. Stress is very common and we must carefully note the conditions and the things that cause it either within the job function or within the... Teamwork to productivity. This paper seeks to identify the things that negatively impact and lowers productivity. We have to bridge the gap to accurately pick up nonverbal cues to connect workers relationships to the verbal repertoire. The things that we have been practicing every day are being able to read between the lines through signals from the eyes, facial expression, the tone of voice, and posture. Stress is very common and we must carefully note the conditions and the things that cause it either within the job function or within the work environment that continues to negate the will to perform more. Emotions communicate and an employee must learn to develop emotional intelligence. A good move is to deviate from the person centered plan of vision to transformational leadership. In the hospitality industry, customer service needs an upfront of visions to develop and to maintain to aim for the performance rating of customer care. It relates a changing nature of customer service in a multicultural environment of changing customer behavior where expectation notes empowerment to employee care. The fact is that a customer is the foundation of the very existence of our people and our existence. We have to empower employees to sustain values as valued people to value people. (Cook, S., 2002). Organizational productivity is not a stand alone concept. A large number of corporations fail when there are a lot of floating personal visions of managers and they don’t coordinate with other departments in their directions to achieve more.

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recycling - Research Paper Example An understanding of the term recycling is essential, as it is the base of our argument (Goldsmith, 2010). Recycling refers to the conversion of waste products into new materials. It is the separation, collection and subsequent transformation or manufacturing of waste products into usable products. The transformed usable products are of market value. The materials are converted into, either a secondary product or the same product. The recycled material replaces the virgin material during the usage or manufacturing process. Recycling is essential to industries and society in meeting their goals of efficient management of the limited resources, the cost reduction, and reduced landfill utilization (Donald, 2001). Therefore, recycling is the process of converting wastes or useless products into useful products for humans. The process will help reduce consumption of raw materials, reduce energy consumption, and reduce greenhouse gas emission of global warming pollution (Isayev & Khait, 2005). The process is a cycle made up of three main stages. Collecting and sorting is the first stage. Here, there is the collection, then processing and sorting of waste materials to the type for the use. The second stage is the manufacturing stage. At this stage, the collected and the sorted materials pass through manufacturing. Lastly, we have the selling or providing the recycled products to the consumers. The purchase of the materials ends the cycle (Bertolini, Delalande & Hubesch, 2009). Recycling is important in environmental protection. It helps in waste reduction and reusing of materials. The process reduces the need for extraction, refining, and the need for processing the raw materials that causes a substantial water and air pollution. An importance of such processes helps to reduce the level of pollution from the waste. For instance, it prevents the greenhouse gasses and the harmful chemicals

Public personnel management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public personnel management - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that payment in lieu of taxes or otherwise referred to as PILOTs are most commonly paid by large landholding non-profit organizations, especially universities and hospitals and are usually paid on a voluntary basis. It is only logical to argue that because these non-profit organizations receive basic services from cities in which they are situated at, and are funded by real estate taxes, every property owner should pay something in return. These payments are usually made to the local governments by the non-profit organizations because the receive local services like roads, fire protection, and the likes, but are ultimately exempted from paying property taxes because they primarily provide charitable work. In cases of cities that are struggling with budgets, non-profit organizations that are financially healthy and that own a substantial amount of tax-exempt property can be a useful avenue for raising revenue for the city. These cities often want the non-profit organization to chip in some cash in bailing them out of the financial quagmires and to make up for the forgone taxes. So should the non-profits pay PILOTs? The researcher would like to say that they should pay taxes because all owners of any property in the community, whether for-profit or otherwise receive services from the local governments or the cities such as roads, sewers, police services and the rest and these services have been funded by taxes from real estate.

Health and Diet Essay Example for Free

Health and Diet Essay Pienso que llevo una vida sana, ya que mi dieta es sana y balanceada. Tambien hago deportes regularmente y no tengo problemas de salud. Tambien evito la comida grasosa. Me considero estar en buena forma, ya que practico deportes y siempre estoy activo y en forma. Ademas me encanta la education fisica en el colegio. Un habito que tengo es que, me muerdo las unas a veces me muerdo las unas pero solo cuando estoy nervioso. Normalmente, como bien y me gusta la comida casera que es sana, me gusta comer ensalada y pasta en el fin de semana y de vez en cuando bebo agua o leche pero generalmente bebo naranjada y tambien tomo sopa y me encanta el pescado especialmente para la cena o la comida. En mi opinion las comidas saludables son los alimentos frescos y nutritivos, como las legumbres que contienen vitaminas. No obstante la comida procesada no es saludable ya que es rica en grasa y sal que sube la presion arterial. Asi que comer bien es muy importante pra estar en forma y para mantenernos sanos. Me gusta hacer ejercicio. Juego al futbol regularmente y tambien hago pesas dos veces a la semana, ademas duermo bien y descanso lo suficiente y no veo mucho la tele. Recientemente jugue un partido de baloncesto y corri mucho ya que era un campeonato y por suerte ganamos. Creo que por esto no tengo muchos problemas para estresarme. En las proximas semanas me gustaria dejar de comer comida rapida espeicialmente las patatas fritas y empezare a comer frutas que son mas deliosas ademas, me gustaria ir al gimnasio mas a menudo y deberia de levantarme mas temperano. Para no llegar tarde al colegio. Quiero estar mas en forma ya que asi podria tener mas energia para usar usarla en mi colegio. Si mi colegio me ayuda a estar sano y en forma porque me ensena a comer bien y puedo practicar deportes como el futbol o el rugby. Tambien hay muchos profesores que me dicen que hacer cuando estoy enfermo. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Spanish section.

The Importance Of Communication English Language Essay

The Importance Of Communication English Language Essay Within this essay I will explore the methods and importance of communication when working as a childhood practitioner. Communication is commonly defined as the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs This is a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create a shared understanding. This process involves a huge repertoire of intrapersonal and interpersonal skills including listening, speaking, questioning, observing, analysing, and evaluating.   The importance of communication within a team is perfectly demonstrated in this analogy by Wideman (2000): Communication is like engine oil: it needs to be applied to the machinery or the machinery will not start or, if it does, it will quickly falter and grind to a halt. And the oil, like communication, needs to be continuously recycled and regularly replaced with new oil as the old becomes no longer usable. But what of the quality of the oil? Too little or too thi n and it is not effective; too thick or too much and everything just gets gummed up. (Wideman, 2000). Effective communication is crucial for a team to be successful. The team needs to communicate regularly with one another because through communication cooperation and collaboration occur. Collaboration with one another is necessary in the workplace because it helps to solve problems, help maintain standards of practice and create a good rapport with all involved. Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003, p.195) state shared decision making is one secret of successful management. In order for this to be achieved communication is essential and necessary in the workplace. Great communication skills are an absolute must it is A vital part of any centres functioning is the communication that occurs among staff (Ebbeck and Waniganayake,2003: p.197). A lack of teamwork and communication can lead to a stressful working environment and a poor quality service. In a recent presentation of mine I demonstrated through a communication exercise the importance of communication and how communication is not just verbal in nature. The exercise required all team members to communicate clearly in the communication method appropriate. The team had limitations that prevented them from communicating in the easiest form this forced them to develop a way of overcoming these barriers, communicating in a different fashion whilst also working as a team. They had two attempts to complete the task assigned to them. The first attempt went very badly as they found it very difficult to communicate with the barriers in place. However after a small group discussion they were able to devise a way to accomplish the task.   This simple exercise is a useful one to employ during a staff meeting and it teaches the value of communication and the need for effective and clear communication in order to work as a team. Communication can be viewed as an active process that is in turn influenced by the complexities and ambiguities of human behaviour. It is riddled with the potential of breakdown. Clampitt sates that We actively construct meanings within a unique vortex that includes the words used, the context of the utterances, and the people involved (2005, p.8). It is a process where elements such as any non-verbal actions, individuals own interpretation and own ascribed meaning can have an influence. Communications strategies to construct a clear and unambiguous message can encourage effective and direct communication. There are certain barriers both physical and psychological that can hinder communication as Clampitt states and it is important to be aware of these. Anything that prevents a message being understood is seen as a barrier. These are some barriers that can occur when communicating: Culture, background, and bias Our culture, background, and bias can allow us to change the meaning of a message, which can interfere with the communication process. Noise Noise impedes communication as it can both distract the sender and receiver so that concentration is hard and also muffle and distort the message being sent. Perception If we feel the person is hard to understand for instance talking to rapidly, not fluently or is not articulate enough the receiver can dismiss that person. Preconceived attitudes can also affect our ability to listen. Ourselves There is a tendency to focus on ourselves rather the person communicating which can cause conflict and confusion. Some of these factors that affect communication are ego and the feeling of superiority. Message Distractions can happen when someone doesnt look at the idea presented and chooses to focus on facts. Semantic distractions are when a word is used in a different manor than you prefer. Environmental these can include a range of stimulus that can provide potential distraction. Stress People view things differently when under stress. A message can be influenced by psychological frame of mind and our beliefs, knowledge, experience and values. Communication is vital within the childcare profession; in order for good communication it is necessary to understand the different components. Communication consists of the following methods; verbal, non-verbal communication, and written.   Verbal communication is a communication method using word of mouth. For instance   holding a conversation with someone requires the development of skills and social coordination which means having the ability to start and end conversations, the ability to show an interest and being able to interest the person you are having a conversation with. Argyle (1988) devised the Sender and Reciever Model which encodes the oral messages by the sender and decodes the messages then by the reciever. Sender  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ®Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Encodes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚    ®Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Message  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ®Ã‚  Decodes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ®Ã‚  Ã‚     Reciever Verbal communication is used to greet people, problem solve and provide support. It can also helps with everyday tasks such as, explaining issues and procedures exchanging ideas or learning ideas. It is necessary for childcare prationers to have highly attuned social skills, as they are dealing with people every day and oral communication is central in being able to bond and to have relationships with people. Thompson 1986 argued that commuinication is imperative for two major reasons these where as follows; one to enable people to share information and two enabling people to have relationships with people. Thompson stated that   relationship is the communcation. There are certain barriers that occur using verbal communication within the Childrens services such as semantic barriers, dialect, and language and tempo message. Other barriers include message complexity and message overload, which is when a person receives too many messages at the same time. Written communication is another useful communication channel and is very important between different professionals. Writting information down makes records more pernament and more accurate. Written informnation is unlike a verbal message which can become distorted when being verbally passed to people There are barriers in written communications such as the illegibility of peoples hand writing or if the written message is misunderstood.. The rules governing writing are also different compared to oral communication as it is necessary in written communication to maintain accuracy and darity. When writing information there is a need to check that all of the information is correct as if the information is recorded wrong it could result in problems. As problems can occur such as; delays in meeting the needs of the children and parents; not being able to make the right decision due to the vagueness of information recorded; being unable to deliver an organised service. An example of written communication documents is staff rotas showing times of work and holiday.   Lastly Non verbal communication is everything other than spoken words, this includes paralanguage this is um or ah sounds, the volume of the talking, the pace and accent. A very big part of non-verbal communication is facial expressions as these are indictors to others about our feelings, attitudes, states of mind and relationships.  Non-verbal communication can also include eye contact, proximity, posture and gestures. All three ways of communication have problems but are an effective way to communicate with others when used in the right way. Communication is about active listening as well as communicating with the necessary sincerity and compassion. Listening is a key skill and should not be underestimated.   One of the purposes of listening is to convey interest and respect for the other person and this is crucial to solve problems that arise and to also meet another persons needs as well as our own. Studies have revealed that listening is the on the whole the most frequent aspect of workplace communication (Adler and Elmhorst, 1999). Other studies have also found that Managers spend on average 65-90% of their working day listening to someone, with the percentage of time increasing with level of managerial responsibility (Kotter, 1982, Nichols Stevens, 1990). However research highlights that people generally people achieve no more than 25-50% accuracy in interpreting the meaning of each others remarks (Spitzberg, 1994). This means misunderstanding is very common. Furthermore tuning listening skills and becoming compe tent at listening would improve workplace communication significantly. There are barriers that hinder the ability to listen. For one People are very quick to jump to conclusions and form a judgement before the speaker has finished, this in turn can mean that the message intended is misinterpreted. People also have a tendency to hear what they want to hear and be inattentive while cultural issues or the interruption of the speaker can also prevent people from listening. Developing active listening skills such as listening to non-verbal as well as verbal language, paraphrasing, using feedback, and asking appropriate questions can help to identify possible misinterpretations of the message, as well as check for unintended messages. Good communication is absolutely essential and key when working with children, young people, families and carers. It is central in building trust amongst the users and staff within this context. In order to maintain relationships it needs to be an active process that involves listening, understanding and responding accordingly. Communication is both necessary on the one-on-one basis and also when working in a group and it is important to realise when to focus on the individual and when to focus on groups. Another thing to be aware of is  that communication is a two way process that is necessary to make sure the person feels valued and respected. Communication should also be matched appropriately to the stage of development, personal circumstances, and needs of the person being addressed. The culture and context when communicating needs to be thought about for instance, the professional should hold awareness and communicate appropriately if English is an additional language, the chi ld is disabled or at risk of under-achievement or other poor outcomes.   Effective communication is also about utilising the best communication method appropriately and being aware of any barriers that could occur these could include poverty, disability, anxiety, cultural differences and religious requirements. It is the managers duty to make sure communication within the team is effective. There are many ways a manager can help and improve a teams communication. The first is to keep all the communication channels open. Management should be always there to listen and actively participate with the team. A strong relationship with  management is important for communication and in turn the productivity of the team. The second is to offer some form of staff training in clear communication. Miscommunication is all too common in the working world and training in correct communication can easily help avoid miscommunication. Teaching employees to communicate in a clear and precise manor and listen carefully to the speaker can rectify this. Classes in other forms of communication can also be of help. Lastly it is good to invite feedback from staff and hold regular meetings both of which can provide a solid avenue for communication. All people are different and are better at different methods of co mmunication so providing as many avenues as possible is a good way to ensure communication is easy for others. Team meetings are a fantastic way to give everyone a chance to participate and have their say. It allows people to facilitate and contribute to decisions involving the workplace making them feel respected and that their feedback counts.   Communication is a highly complex process and to improve interpersonal communication, a fuller knowledge and understanding of communication skills are essential. Communication is not just about speaking it is about active listening, written and non-verbal ways of communication. Any team who wants to be successful needs to communicate in a direct and clear manor. Management should ensure that communication skills are practiced and that it is an ongoing process. Communication allows a team to work together effectively. Communication is an important skill especially when working as a childcare practitioner as without communication a childs needs cannot be met. COMMUNICATION EXERCISE   Have two people lead the group  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leaders need to try and physically arrange all of the players in sequential age order (youngest to oldest)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each leader has specific limitations restricting the ease in which they can do this. Leader One cannot see and has the following limitations:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   can only ask yes or no questions  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cannot touch anyone Leader Two can see and can touch people but has the following limitations:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cannot speak All other players in the group can only answer yes or no to any questions and cannot move unless moved by Leader Two.   Communication Rationale The rationale for this particular communication exercise was to teach each person the importance of clear and direct communication and its importance when working as a team. Effective communication includes a range of skills which include things like body language, clear speech, eye contact and active listening. Communication activities like the one I used for my presentation allow participants to focus on these skills and understand their impact on the effectiveness of communication. The task also illustrated the importance of working as a team to overcome limitations and complete the task set. The team players had to try and understand one another using different communication strategies in order to complete the exercise successfully and within the time cap. Furthermore this task forced players to perform with limitations such as not being able to speak or not being able to use hands etc. During this game, the demand for   effective communication from each player was essential. Similarly the understanding of each teammates role on the team, as well as their own, was vital to the teams success. Players needed to understand their roles and accomplish their tasks in their roles, without trying to do everything. This communication exercise was designed to help the participants become more aware of the importance of communication in all forms whether verbal or non-verbal. They also had to uses direct and precise communication so not to confuse other team members. They also had to have an awareness and acceptance of the varied roles within a team. Awareness comes with visual and verbal communication by the individual participant and their teammates. Research Types of Communication Based on Communication Channels The process of communication can be broadly classified as verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication includes written and oral communication whereas the non-verbal communication includes body language, facial expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures used for communication.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Verbal Communication Verbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication. The oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. Oral communication can either be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone or on the voice chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are influenced by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking. The other type of verbal communication is written communication. Written communication can be either via snail mail, or email. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity and precision of language.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nonverbal Communication Non-verbal communication includes the overall body language of the person who is speaking, which will include the body posture, the hand gestures, and overall body movements. The facial expressions also play a major role while communication since the expressions on a persons face say a lot about his/her mood. On the other hand gestures like a handshake, a smile or a hug can independently convey emotions. Non verbal communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even photographs, sketches and paintings. phrase from some British propaganda during WWII neatly sums up the dangers of ineffective communications: Careless talk costs lives. That may be over-dramatic in most cases where communications between seafarers or between ship and shore go awry but it does illustrate the importance of effective communications and the real dangers if they go badly wrong. Evaluation This task has allowed me to understand the importance of communication within a workforce and how a team relies on communication to function. The presentation went well, I was able to get across the necessity of teamwork and the different methods of communication. The team all had limitations which meant not only did everyone have to communicate but they had to find different ways of communicating successfully. The problem was with the presentation is it lacked time; ten minutes seemed far too short. I had to limit the presentation to literally just the task and a few words prior to explain the task and why communication was important. If I had more time I would have conducted a slightly different task. The team also wasnt able to complete the task first time so I had to allow them to try again a second which was time consuming and meant I had to cut short the presentation and not summarise it as well as I would of liked to .   The negatives to the task I did conduct were that a few people did not understand the instructions I gave them at first so I had to also explain the task again fully. If I was to re do the presentation I would simplify the task. I think all in all the presentation showed the class the value of communication whether verbal or non-verbal and how teamwork is essential in any difficult situation. It was essential for them to utilise all avenues of communication to pass the task.

The communication quality between doctor and foreign patient

The communication quality between doctor and foreign patient 1. Introduction While traveling is getting easier and migration is taking place frequently, cultural differences and communication problems have emerged as a new problem of today. The most important case communication is inevitable for a non-speaker of the native language is being a patient. Some undesirable outcomes may occur if the patient can not give the correct information. With the recent migrations in the western countries such as Germany, France, USA, Canada, UK, Holland the number of non-speakers of the native language has become noteworthy. In Turkey, there is also an increase in the number of foreign patients with the real estate sales to the foreigners in the places such as Antalya and Bodrum. On the other hand, highly qualified healthcare professionals and competitive pricing increased the share of health tourism in the whole tourism income (http://www.medicaltourisminturkey.org). On the ground of the importance of communication, according to various resources, 80% of the medical mistakes are caused by giving incorrect information [13,8]. Having gained more and more importance recently, foreign patient-doctor communication and the gaps it has, will be evaluated with the view of knowledge management, and finally, the method developed to prevent the incorrect information translation will be introduced. 2. Literature Review Foreign patients do not know the local language and therefore the language of the doctor is analyzed in detail. [1,2,10,14] In the basis of this study, lies the increase in the number of the non-speakers of the language of migrated country. For example in USA, 18% of people older than 5 years speak another language at their home (U.S. Census Bureau 2002: QT-P16, cited in Lee 2003:3). This information takes place in the article of Alexander and friends (2009) that contains interesting data about the non-speakers of native language: â€Å"In Geneva, Switzerland, 43% of the population is foreign born and about 25% of the population speaks a language other than French at home.† 2.1. Culture Edward Tylors definition is cited as the first definition of culture[15]. Tylor(1903/1988) defines as â€Å"culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society†.As one of the famous authors who has decoded the most about his studies on culture, Hofstede (2005:4) defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another†. According to these definitions, language is critical for both underlined words. â€Å"Capabilities† are built by interpretation of language. â€Å"Collective programming of mind† programming codes are generated by language. We can say that culture is created by language. The effects of culture on health care are similar to those of language. For example in Turkey (strong uncertainty avoidance and collectivist culture) women are willing to be consulted to a woman obstetrician ( H2 hospital Director of Quality Department), in USA (weak uncertainty avoidance and individualist ) there is no such problems. According Collins et al. (2002, cited in Lee 2003:5): â€Å"Effective communication between patient and doctor is critical to good medical outcomes.† So a woman patient form a different culture may affect the medical outcomes. In literature, several paper [2,6] use language and culture interchangeable but in this paper we will use the language as creator of culture. 2.2. Developed Methods To Pass Trough The Language Barrier Information transfer (communication) between a patient and a doctor is generated in two ways. If the patient and the doctor speak the same language and their cultures are close to each other the transfer is established directly. If there are differences in the language and the culture of patient and doctor, a proxy is used. Followings are the proxies developed in the situation if the patients do not know the local language: Going to hospital with a friend or relative who knows local language and using him or her as translator. -In the deep interviews done with medical sector workers, most of the foreigners live in Turkey use this method, but if the friend or relative in the role of translator does not know the local language so much then some problems may emerge. Interpreter establishes the communication between patient and doctor. -This method is specially used in private health care enterprises in Turkey. Because of cost, increasing effects, interpreters are not chosen by patients who have no good economic welfare. In many countries the language requirements of interpreters are not defined, and non-medical professional interpreters are used widely. In the study of Karliner et al.(2007) â€Å"professional interpreters are associated with improved clinical care more than is use of ad hoc interpreters, and professional interpreters appear to increase the quality of clinical care for limited English proficiency(LEP) patients to approach or equal that for patient without language barriers.† Also many studies showed that professional interpreters who do not know the culture of the patient may offend the patient and the patient may lose confidence [3] .- Translation of those who are not medical staff -This type of translation is more common among immigrants. Because of large numbers of Turks living in Germany, it is quite probable to find non-medical staff that knows Turkish in the hospital.- If the medical staff knows foreign language. -The manager of public hospital and the managers of H1 and H2 hospitals said that the most important communication problem of medical sector is medical staffs without foreign language.- In these studies low content rates of the patients can be seen. The most satisfactory method is bilingual staff and the least one is translation of relatives/friends of the patient. 3. Data and Method The aim of this paper is to improve communication quality between doctor and foreign patient. The research question is How can we improve the communication quality between doctor and foreign patient? Yin (1994) defined a case study as â€Å"an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.† Kohn(1997) states that â€Å"Yin suggests the methodology may actually be more powerful for explanatory purposes in its ability to answer questions of how and why†. In this paper by the definition of case study methods and the structure of the research question. Semi-structured interviews and observations are used for data collection and case study method is used for analyzing data. 3.1. Selecting Cases In Turkey there are 5 types of hospital. H1 private and multi branch, H2 private unique branch, H3 private, multi branch and foundation supported ,H4 public hospital, H5 university hospital. Cluster sampling method is used because population is heterogeneous. The population is first divided into separate groups of elements which is called as clusters, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5. A sampling from the hospitals in service in different cities, eager to provide data and known as the best in their cluster, is generated. As some hospitals demanded during the negotiations, the clusters they belong to are mentioned instead of their names. Table 3 -Hospital Characteristics in each Cluster Cluster Total Staff (approximately) Total Branch Is there a department for foreign patient? Informant H1 7500 17 Y Hospital Director(M.D), Professor of PhysicalMedicine andRehabilitation H2 450 1 N Director of Quality Department, Head of Nursing Department, Emergency Doctor(M.D), Emergency Nurse, Senior Staff of Public Relation H3 800 4 N Medical Director(M.D), Manager of Human Resources H4 1600 1 N Head of Nursing Department, Emergency Doctor(M.D), Emergency Nurse, H5 More than 10.000 1 N Emergency Doctor1(M.D), Emergency Doctor2(M.D), 3.2. Problems with patients who do not know Turkish In some regions of Turkey, there are people who do not know the native language. We see that usually a relative or a friend of the patient help the communication as a translator (H1 Professor of PhysicalMedicine andRehabilitation). During the deep interviews with H3 Medical Director, he says: â€Å"Citizens from the eastern region of our country, and immigrants from Iraq, Afghanistan, and Africa come to hospital when they are ill, with a relative or a friend of them; and we intervene the patients with the translation of these people.† The process goes on in two ways for the non-citizen patients. If the patient can speak English; as the public relations, nurses or the doctor can, the communication is established with the help of staff. But if the patient speaks a language other than the staff can do, then a translator is required. Hospital Director in H1 hospital stated that: â€Å"The number of our foreign patients that become ill in Turkey is less than the patients that was ill before coming to Turkey. We sent our doctors to other countries and enable them to meet doctors working in clinics and hospitals. In the next step, foreign doctor sends his/her patient to us. Before the patient arrives, we get the tests and diagnosis applied to the patient. We meet the patient at the airport and accommodate the patient according to his/her economic welfare. All the transportation and other needs of the patient are met by our department established for this purpose. Taking into consideration the countries most foreign patients come from, we employ that staffs who know their language. Because the number of foreign patients in H1 hospital is more than other private and public hospitals, many applications were developed in accordance with the needs. For example, if the patient gets lost anywhere in the hospital and shows the card given to him/her to any hospital employee the problem is solved. â€Å"In the frame of JCI accreditation, the patients and employee are not asked to identify themselves according to their room number. For the probability of being lost in the hospital mostly used sentences takes place in Turkish and in the language of the patient. When patient shows his or her need in own language, the Turkish translation takes place under it then the communication is established.† In H2, H3, H4, H5 hospitals, patients usually come after they get ill in Turkey. Quality manager of H2 hospital: â€Å"Our patients usually come us after an illness in Turkey or according to the recommendation of their acquaintance who were satisfied from our service. Among our patients, there is a group which establishes contact with us before they come to examination and shows the previous cure documents, and the other group comes without any plan or foreknowledge.† In 2007 the distribution of the foreign patients came to H2 hospital is as follows: Many demographic features of the patients are: 64% are men and 36% women. 52% paid cash, 26% used assurance and 21% cured for free by the hospital. Foreign patient level in all hospitals is about 1%. If we consider the graphic which Hofstede(2005:191) has drawn according to the cultures of the countries; The patients coming to H2 hospital take place in all four areas. These patients took service in 15 different departments. In communication with these patients, proxies were used. In 2007 H1 hospitals foreign patients came from 69 different countries such as Afghanistan, Argentina, Germany, Angola, Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, UK, USA, Canada, Finland, Czech Republic, India, Iraq, Iran, Vietnam, Uruguay shortly all quadrants of Hofstedes culture dimentions. In literature LEP (limited English proficiency) concept is used but limited Turkish proficiency, limited Arabic proficiency, limited Chinese proficiency are also problem. When we look at the problems about the culture and language, the cases in USA and Europe countries are common for all countries and should be solved in all countries. In mostly used method, using proxy, the main problem is the transfer of the knowledge. Knowledge changes while transferring from one place to another, so knowledge can not be transferred but translated. For example; in communication with simultaneous translation the question of Turk doctor â€Å"Neyin var?† is translated as â€Å"what is wrong?†or â€Å"obligation† word is used. But the purpose here is to ask â€Å"What seems your chief complaint today?† In the article of Holden et al(2004) which includes usual examples, the following part takes place: â€Å"For example, Japanese speakers of English are influenced by the notions of politeness. Rather than categorically refusing a request, Japanese might say: ‘Ill think about it (which means â€Å"there is no way I am going to do anything about it.; or, often with a great sucking of breath between clenched teeth: ‘Thats very difficult, meaning that something is a sheer impossibility.† 3.3. Specific Situation Patient Name : Y.S. Year : 2008 Age : 48 Nationality : Greece â€Å"The patient comes to Bursa because of the dead of a friend of him. He goes to emergency with stomach ache. He is alone. The patient speaks English and Greek. After he turns to information desk, he is taken to the emergency doctor. The emergency doctor knows only Turkish. A professional interpreter is called. Patient tells the interpreter that when he first comes to the emergency he could not express himself to the hospital employee and he needs immediate cure. In addition, he says that he was depressed even before the therapy and if he didnt have to, he would not come to a Turkish doctor.†(Interpreter, H2 hospital Emergency Doctor(M.D), Emergency Nurse, Senior Staff of Public Relation) As we can understand from these expressions the patient has a negative point of view against Turkey because of the dreary events between Turkey and Greece in the past. This point of view is considered as a code given form the society he lived since his childhood [18] As the patient has to wait despite the emergency, he uses accusatory expressions. He says that â€Å"the doctor in the emergency is young and inexperienced†. That the translator is easy-going and that he mentions the negative behaviors of the patient after the examination has been an important factor in the success of the treatment. â€Å"After the therapy blood test and abdominal USG are demanded. Then gastroenteritis is diagnosed and his prescription was filled.† (Emergency Doctor) â€Å"After making a good bargain, patient lowers the price and pays in cash.†(H2 Director of Quality Department) Because of the proximity of a less individualist society and relatively low prices in Turkey, the patients says that he also has a tooth ache and wants to see the therapy room for teeth. After seeing the room he takes a tooth therapy, as well. 4. Solution In this article we stated that knowledge is translated not transferred. Culler(1982) states that â€Å"every understanding is a misunderstanding.†[4]. If every understanding is a misunderstanding then communication between different cultures using different proxies is a distorted understanding. To establish the communication in mother language gains importance. â€Å"Communication between physicians and patients is fundamental for medical care.†(Joos et al.1996, cited in Lee et al. 2003). The solutions are developed in a way that the patients take less time of the proxies. Physician reads the report in his/her own language both audibly and visually, and may also provide videos and audios in the language of the patient[5,19]. The method developed in the scope of this article is a little more different. Native speaker doctors prepared the questions for diagnosis in their own language as well as the answers to such questions. Until the diagnosis the patient chooses the questions in own language then physician and patient gets the printouts in their own languages. The forgotten point in the developed audio and video based system is, while answering physicians question without the system patient uses own language and physician does not understand. Videos are important in one-way communication as giving information about how the test will be done like as urine test. How can we solve communication problems between foreign patient and doctor? Can XML be a solution? XML is defined by the W3C: â€Å"Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible text format .Originally designed to meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere† (http://www.w3.org/XML) We can use xml for information transfer from one language to another one. We use transfer because native speaker doctors prepared the questions for diagnosis in their own language as well as the answers to such questions. Foreign patient and doctor use software in their own language, culture and words. Foreign patient and doctor information transfer process can be modeled as below: Both foreign patient and the doctor can see every question in their native language and culture. 4.1. Software This software can support all languages. When we add a new language program XML file is extending. When we add a new language it will be located in this section: en de tr fr new language code I have only migraine data for testing software in Turkish, French, German and English languages. Lets think that our doctor is a Turk and patient is a French native speaker. Doctor select question in his/her native language â€Å"Ã…Å ¸ikayetiniz nedir?† and patient see this question in his native language â€Å"Quest ce quil vous arrive ?†. CultureStr for doctor is â€Å"tr† and for patient is â€Å"fr†. If we add a new language this section will be extend. and . Screen shot: 5. Conclusion Translations done by ad hoc interpreters and professional interpreters who does not know patients culture are equivalent according to the transfer of the knowledge but are not equal. Because of this, these are the translation of knowledge rather than transfer of knowledge. Our solution can be a solution for knowledge transfer problems and limited all language proficiency. What we need is only questions for every complaint, what doctor are asking to their patients. It is not easy but if we do this, a visit to a foreign country will be much safe and a patient will have a chance to chose his/her doctor in which country he/she wishes. Every understanding may be a misunderstanding because what we understand may be different from what is said by others. We understand equivalent of what said by others, not equal. By this project we are trying to extend understanding. As we mentioned before according to varied resources 80% of the medical mistakes are caused by wrong information (wrong information transfer). If we extend enough equivalent it will be nearly equal, at this point medical mistakes will decrease. 6. Acknowledgement We gratefully acknowledge the support of Yalà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±n Aytek ÃÅ"stà ¼ndaÄÅ ¸, Asst. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Erà §ek, Didem Parlak, Ä °smail Cahit Gà ¶rmez, Asst. Prof. Dr. Melike Ã…Å ¾ahiner, Asst. Prof. Dr. Ã…Å ¾ule ÃÆ'-ncà ¼l, Prof. Dr. Zeynep Gà ¼ven, Dr. Demet Dinà §, Dr. ÃÆ'-mer AydÄ ±n, Dr. ÃÅ"nal Egeli, Senem Kayas, Dr. Suna YÄ ±ldÄ ±rÄ ±m and Onur Uslu. 7. References [1] Alexander B., Perneger TV., Bovier PA., Loutan L., and Stalder H. Improving communication between physicians and patients who speak a foreign landuage. British Journal of General Practice 2003: 53: 541-546 [2] Alexander B. and Hudelson P. Communicating With Foreign Language- Speaking Patients: Is Access to Professional Interpreters Enough? Journal of Travel Medicine 2009: 1-6 [3] Collins KS., Hughes DL., Doty MM., Ives BL., Edwards JN., and Tenney K. Diverse Communities, Common Concerns: Assessing Health Care Quality for Minority Americans. Findings from the Commonwealth Fund 2001 Health Care Quality Survey. New York: Commonwealth Fund. [4] Culler J. On Deconstruction, New York: Cornel University Press 1982. [5] Galvez E and Stronks A (2007) â€Å"Hospitals, Language, and Culture† Joint Commusion International(http://www.jointcommission.org/NR/rdonlyres/E64E5E89-5734-4D1D-BB4D-C4ACD4BF8BD3/0/hlc_paper.pdf Last accessed Agust 2009) [6] Gale DD. Cultural Sensitivity Beyond Ethnicity: A Universal Precautions Model. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice 2006:4(1):1-5 [7] Holden NJ. and Kortzfleisch HFOV. Why Cross- Cultural Knowledge Transfer is a Form of Translation in More Ways Than You Think. Knowledge and Process Management 2004: 11(2): 127-136 [8] Joint Commition International. http://www.jointcommission.org/SentinelEvents/SentinelEventAlert/sea_25.htm Last accessed: June 2008 [9] Joos SK., Hickam DH., Gordon GH., and Baker LH. 1996. Effects of Physician Communication Intervention on Patient Care Outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine 11(3): 147:155 [10] Karliner LS.,JAcops AE, Chen AH and Mutha S. Do Professional Interpreters Improve Clinical Care for Patients with Limited English Profeciency? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Health Service Research 2007: 42(2): 727-754 [11] Kohn LT. Methods in Case Study Analysis( Panel discussion conducted at the 1996 meeting of the Association for Health Services Research) 1997. [12] Lee SM. A Review of Language and Other Communication Barriers in Health Care. Office of Public Health and Science 2003. [13] Packard, C.Finding Links between Healthcare Safety, Communication, and Cultural Norms and Assumptions. Carle Selected Papers 2009 Vol.50 No.2 : 55-58 (http://www.carleconnect.com/CSP/CSP%20Fall_Winter%2007/13.Packard.pdf Last accessed Agust 2009) [14] Perloff RM., Bonder B., Ray GB., and Ray EB. Doctor-Patient Communication, Cultural Competence, and Minority Health. American Behavioral Scientist 2006: 49(6): 835-852 [15] Vatrapu R., and Suthers D. â€Å"Culture and Computers: A Review of the Concept of Culture and Implications for Intercultural Collaborative Online Learning. IWIC 2007: 260-275 [16] Hofstede G. And Hofstede GJ. Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind. McGraw-Hill. 2005 [17] Yin, R.K.Case Study Research, Design and Methods, 2nd ed. Newbury Park, Sage Publications, 1994. [18] Hostede G.and Hofstede GJ. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005. [19] http://pgsi.com (Last accessed Agust 2009) 8. Corresponding Author Serkan Tà ¼rkeli, AcÄ ±badem University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Healthcare Management, Istanbul, Maltepe, Turkey,Tel:(0090) 505 488 84 45, Fax:(0090) 216 589 84 85 E-Mail:[emailprotected], Web:www.nasnim.com/serkanturkeli

Importance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishme

Importance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment explores the dangerous effects of St. Petersburg, a malignant city, on the psyche of the impoverished student Raskolnikov. In this novel, Petersburg is more than just a backdrop. The city plays a central role in the development of the characters and the actions that they take. Raskolnikov survives in one of the cramped, dark spaces that are characteristic of Petersburg. These spaces are like coffins; they suffocate Raskolnikov's mind. St. Petersburg creates a grotesque environment in which Raskolnikov can not only create the "Overman Theory," but he can also carry it out by murdering a pawnbroker in cold blood, then justify his actions with the belief that society will be better off without her. Raskolnikov finds no relief outside of his cramped room; the Petersburg climate is just as oppressive to the psyche as the cramped space of Raskolnikov’s room. Not only is the outside air dangerous; it forces him to find relief in the devilâ₠¬â„¢s tavern. While wandering the infernal streets of St. Petersburg, Raskolnikov enters the devil’s realm in the form of Petersburg taverns. These are evil places, where treacherous ideas of robbery and murder circulate. Raskolnikov overhears the twisted idea to kill the pawnbroker inside one of these infested taverns. The malignant nature of the spaces in Petersburg allows Raskolnikov to embrace the Overman Theory and the Arithmetic of Morality. Raskolnikov justifies killing the pawnbroker because he concludes that it is rational, just, and pure arithmetic. One person must die so that the lives of numerous others may be saved. The Arithmetic of Morality appears logical to Raskolniko... ...turmoil. For Marmeladov, this leads to his self-destruction as an alcoholic, throwing his life and the life of his family away in taverns; for Raskolnikov it causes him to murder two defenseless women, hoping to steal money that can be used to help others. Both these men mean no harm by their actions, but their cramped, isolated environment molds them into grotesque characters who seem to act not of their own will, but as though pulled through life by the forces of St. Petersburg. Works Cited Bely, Andrei. Petersburg. Trans. Robert A. Maguire and John E. Malmstad. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1978.    Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York: Penguin Signet Classic, 1968.    Gogol, Nikolai. "The Overcoat." The Collected Tales of Nikolai Gogol. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998. 394-435.

Animal Testing Essay -- essays research papers fc

Animal Testing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More and more animals are being taken form their natural habitats and tested on every year. Researchers, scientists, and companies just trying to make new products are using animals to further their experiments. If animal testing continues to happen at this rate then their will be no animals left to use for food, study, or even for simple amusement. When the animals are being taken form their natural environments it harms the natural food chain and other ways of life. When people abusing the animal’s rights they make the animals suffer and decrease their overall population. Many people are trying to find ways to end this hurting of nature. Some people find different ways like using computer simulations and other new sources. Many animals are dying everyday from humans testing on them. These animals have been tested on for research, drug use, and to test company products. Testing on animals leads to more diseases occurring. There are many groups assembling to stop the scientists and researchers from hurting the animals. Some people try and argue the reasons for why animals are being abused. Some say that it is for science and to expand our knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many new forms of diseases being found everyday. A major cause of these new diseases is testing on animals. Many scientists and researchers find that new forms of diseases or showing up from exposing new substances to animals.(Hart, Snyder pg#1+) Research at the Barrow Neurological institute in Phoenix has shown that injecting cancer cells into beagle puppy’s brains has caused a new, different form of cancer. (Hart, Snyder pg#1+)Another way diseases are spreading is the fact that people in Korea are eating dogs and passing different diseases between spaces. Many people that are not testing on live animals are contracting diseases too. (Texley pg#1+) Some students in an Alabama school caught a slightly different case of the flu from dissecting dead frogs in biology class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many groups have been formed to stop animals from being abused and tested on for selfish reasons. Animals are being tortured and killed for some companies to test their products. (Motavalli pg#3+) Many people in there groups are going to law schools in America that offer animal rights law. Animal righ... ... this is aloud to continue. People will keep trying and finding ways to save the animals and still further science. I feel that animal’s rights should not be violated for the sake of science. I feel life should not be traded off for simple research. Works Cited â€Å"A Big First Step in Reducing Animal Testing.† NIH News Release. December 28, 1999. SIRS. January 5, 2005.www.sirs.com. Balcombe, Jonathan. â€Å"Anything but Routine.† Good Medicine. Autumn 2003. SIRS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com. Balcombe, Jonathan. â€Å"Stress and Substance Abuse.† Good Medicine. Spring 2003. SIRS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com. Hart, Bill and Kerry Fehr-Snyder. â€Å"Almost Human.† Arizona Republic. December 10, 2000. SIRS. January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com. Morrison, Adrian R. â€Å"What’s Wrong with Animal Rights.† American School Board   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal. January 1992. SIRS. January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com. Motavalli, Jim. â€Å"Rights from Wrong.† E Magazine. March-April 2003. SIRS. January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com. Texley, Julian A. â€Å"Doing Without Dissection.† American School Board Journal. January 1992. SIRS. January 14, 2005. www.sirs.com.

Support individuals during the last days of life Essay

The psychological aspects are different for each person it depends how they react to the thought of a person dying, some people may feel that it’s their own fault or that they have done something wrong taking the blame for it or someone may feel as if their being useless and feel like there’s things that can be done to help but in actual fact there isn’t. In the person’s last days if known others may like to spend a lot of time with the person but others may not want to see them like that and just want to have the better memories as people can’t handle seeing the person looking very frail as this cannot be very nice, but it all depends on how each person can handle the situation and it is also hard as you don’t know whether to expect the worst each time you go into their room as they could have passed away. It can cause a lot of stress within the home setting and people will be very sad but we have to do our best to try and keep them as happy and as calm as they can be. Common signs of approaching death, you can never know when someone is going to die but there is always a sign such as they May- Lose their appetite the person may begin to resist or refuse to eat meals or any drink fluids. Become very fatigue or sleepy- The person may begin to sleep the majority of the day and night as metabolism slows and the decline in food and water contribute to dehydration. Physical weakness- As the person is declining food and sleeping a lot they will find that they have no energy. Confusion or disorientation- Organs begin to fail including the brain they may start to forget where they are or what they are doing. Change in breathing- Breath intakes and exhales can become very irregular. Social withdrawal- As the body starts to shut down they may gradually lose interest in being around those that are close to them. Swelling in feet and ankles- Coolness in tips of fingers and toes. Good end of life care helps patients with life-limiting conditions to live as well as possible until they die, and to die with dignity. End of life care encompasses palliative care, which focuses on managing pain and other distressing symptoms, providing psychological, social and spiritual support to the patients, and supporting those that are close to the patient. All patients should be treated with dignity and respect throughout the course of their care. Patients who are dying must receive the same standard of care as  all other patients. Their privacy, dignity and wishes must be respected at all times, by listening and achieving their wishes can make them feel more relaxed and less distressed. Making sure your patient has good pain relief, making sure they are always comfortable, having other people around them to keep them occupied or even little things like listening to the radio or watching television if they enjoy doing this. Making sure your patient has everything and every one they need around them, some people may not want to be like this some people may want to go alone and this needs to be respected even if their family members or loved ones want to be with them you have to respect the fact they want to be alone as long as they are comfortable. There are rules governing when life-prolonging treatment can be withheld or withdrawn when the patient’s consent is not available, the relatives and friends of the person receiving the treatment and the healthcare professionals in charge of the person’s care, should decide whether treatment should be continued or not. They should consider whether the treatment is in the best interests of the client in terms of quality of life and how long they will live and if the treatment is helping to improve their condition. If the patient still has the capacity to decide whether or not they want to carry on or stop with the treatment it is their own choice as they still have the capacity to their rights. Also it needs to be remembered that the client should always be center of the care. Some of the signs that death has occurred are they- Have stopped breathing No heartbeat Loss of bowel and bladder control No response Eyelids slightly open Eyes fixed on a certain spot Mouth slightly open The body cools When a client does become to near the end of life or even ill from the start you have to work with other professionals at first you may start with the GP to diagnose the patient and they would then refer them to the hospital if required if not they would give you prescriptions for the right medication  to treat them. You would also work with district nurses if required if a client had a bed sore. You would work with the pharmacy to make sure you receive all the medication and on time and to order when needed. A patient should be monitored regularly; everything that the patient does should be recorded and documented correctly making sure they are legible, accurate, relevant and clear. Things that may get monitored- Food intake charts Fluid intake Charts Continence checks Positioning Chart Checking Temperature Body maps to mark if they have any bed sores If they were in pain or how much pain. Some people may not be able to tell you how much or if they are in pain so in some care homes they use pain rating scales, Faces tool, Disability distress assessment tool (DisDat), Body charts/ Maps or its even suggested if the patient is able to keep a pain diary. Everyone approaching the end of life should have their needs assessed and their wishes and any preferences discussed, any actions reflecting their choices they make about the care they would like to receive should all be recorded in their own personal care plan especially as some people in advance want to refuse treatment, the care plan should be regularly reviewed. Once a client enters into the dying phase the care providers need to adapt their care and support according to the care plan, also the client may have a preferred place of death which they had discussed in their care plan this should be reviewed to make sure the care providers are aware. Advanced care planning should be completed as it gives people the opportunity to make their wishes and preferences known should they deteriorate and lose the mental capacity to make informed choices. When a client’s needs change we make sure all staff and any other professionals are aware and know fully of all the changes and any requirements or adjustments that need to be made such as ways of working, making sure all changes are documented in their personal care plan, in staff communication books, also making sure that all risk assessments are updated, reviewed and changed as needed. Making sure the client has everything that they need to meet their needs to the changes. This also helps everyone to  follow the same way of working to support the client when any changes do happen. Some family members/carers may wish to assist with the personal care in acknowledgement of individual wishes, religious or cultural requirements. If it is down to the staff to carry out this task then the Staff should be Prepared before they do this as there are changes to the body after death and they should also be aware of manual handling and infection control issues. Some people may not want their family or staff to do so, once the patient has died you should refer to their plan of care to see and follow their wishes if any after death. In private nursing homes the personal care after death is the responsibility of a registered nurse, although this and the packing of the property may be delegated to a trained healthcare assistant. The registered nurse is responsible for correctly identifying the deceased person and communicating accurately with the mortuary or funeral director (in line with local policy). In care homes without a registered nurse, the home manager is responsible for ensuring that professional carers are trained appropriately and to ensure that they are competent in their role. The death should be documented straight away the time the date and the people that are present, this also has to be reported to the care quality commission within 24 hours. After the persons death the Last offices should be carried out or some people may call it Personal care after death, two members of staff should carry out last offices but this can only be done once the death has been officially confirmed. The staff should wear all protective equipment such as gloves and apron when carrying out last offices. There is a a list of national guidelines, policies and legislations that are required after a death they are – Health and Safety at work act 1974 Control of substances hazardous to health regulations 2002 (COSHH) Code of Conduct Health and social care act 2008 It is always important that the care plan is referred to before after death as the client may have left their wishes and preference that they would like to be carried out and these should always be followed, as the client may have requested that they would not like any family to carry out last offices as this can be distressing for them, they may have requested that their belongings should be given to a charity or some kept with them and many more examples but the point is that their wishes should always be respected and followed. All staff knows and are fully aware that when a client has passed that all procedures in place must be followed when handling the decease and moving their belongings, gloves and aprons must be worn, all of their personal belongings such as bedding, bed cloths and clothing should be disposed of in the correct way. Everyone is different to how they react to somebody passing, there are different types of ways such as- Emotional- Sadness, anger, blame, depression and loneliness. Physical- Weakness in muscles, hollowness in stomach, tightness in throat and shortness of breath. Cognitive- A person may experience mental difficulties, such as poor concentration, forgetfulness and day dreaming. Behavioural- Some people may react by crying, loss of interest and withdrawal. Spiritual- They may start to question their spiritual beliefs but others may find solace. When telling family or friends that their loved one has passed you have to be prepared for different types of reactions as above, people should always be allowed to spend time by the deceased and their privacy should always be respected. Offering a cup of tea and going into a quiet space where they will not be disturbed so that they can talk about what happens next, sometimes people may find it hard to absorb any information so the care staff should write up a simple and clear guide for them. When talking or telling close family or friends you should always use good listening skills show empathy, always make yourself available and give people time to express  themselves and talk, offer any help to register death or organise a funeral or even just offer any advice. In a care setting the rest of the house should be told what has happened and this should not be hidden from them as they all have the right to know, they should all be told in a tactful and sensitive way. Offer support and let them know that staff will always be available if they feel they need to talk. Family or People in a care setting all have the right to be told and known about bereavement support services that are available to them. When a person dies majority or all staff care workers often experience grief, staff can attend the funeral or pay their respects in some way, by attending the funeral this will allow people to express grief and maybe bring closure. People may actively grieve by crying and it is acceptable to cry and let others know that the person will be missed, some people may be tearful or stressed then they should take time out in a quiet area. Talk to others as they might be feeling the same way as you. There is also carer’s support groups that are available that help yourself or staff members to deal with bereavement. You can talk to family or friends, employer, bereavement charities or if this doesn’t help you can get specialist support from your GP.

Regional Trends in Fdi

REGIONAL TRENDS IN FDI CHAPTER II Salient features of 2011 FDI switch offs by theatrical occasion complicate the fol dispiriteding Sub-Saharan Africa force FDI non altogether to its pictorial re ancestors, exclusively alike to its emerging consumer markets as the exploitation appearlook rebrinyed coercive. policy-making uncertainty in north Africa deterred positioniture in that portion. FDI inflows reached b be-assed record take aims in twain east Asia and southwesterly- eastern hemisphere Asia, turn the latter(prenominal) is ge wageic up with the former by means of blueer(prenominal) FDI uprai differentiateh. FDI inflows to due south Asia turned around as a result of superiorer inflows to India, the ascendant FDI pass receiver in the neck of the woods. localityal and orbicular c sires still weigh on FDI in west Asia, and prospects remain unclear. mho the States was the main driver of FDI growing in Latin the States and the Caribbean. The e xercise of set upment by handed-down investors Europe and the unite States is changing, darn there has been an advance in FDI from developing countries and lacquer.A repenny diversify towards industrial indemnity in study countries whitethorn lead to investiture monetary resource flows to targeted industries. FDI flows to economies in transformation get strongly. They be pass judgment to grow further, leave-takingly beca theatrical role of the accession of the Russian expositnership to the macrocosm profession Organization (WTO). The expect for energy and mineral resources resulted in cross-border megadeals in positive countries, scarce the euroz ane crisis and a in the main weak outlook still blur investor sentiment. FDI inflows to the structur all in ally weak, dangerous and small economies were mixed. eyepatch FDI to landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) grew strongly, inflows to least positive countries (LDCs) and small island developing States ( crib death) go along to fall. 38 instauration enthr singlement differentiate out 2012 Towards a cutting genesis of investing funds Policies inception In 2011, FDI inflows addd in all major frugal groups ? genuine, developing and intonation economies (t adequate to(p) II. 1). evolution countries accounted for 45 per penny of gentlemans gentleman-wide FDI inflows in 2011. The add was compulsive by easterly and southbound eastern coupled States Asia and Latin the States. eastern hemisphere and atomic act 34 Asia still accounted for al to the spicyest degree half of FDI in developing economies. Inflows to the transition economies of selenium Europe, the state of matter of Independent States (CIS) and Georgia accounted for an an new(prenominal)(prenominal) 6 per penny of the planetary core. The rise in FDI outflows was driven chiefly by the ripening of FDI from true countries.The increment in outflows from developing economies seen in the past several age appe bed to lose n ahead of time momentum in 2011 because of material des pennyimes in flows from Latin the States and the Caribbean and a slowdown in the ontogenesis of investitures from developing Asia (excluding air jacket Asia). FDI inflows to the structurally weak, conquerable and small economies bounced back from $42. 2 gazillion in 2010 to $46. 7 gazillion in 2011, owing to the strong offshoot in FDI to LLDCs (table II. 1). However, the improvement in their dowery was scantily visible, as FDI inflows to two LDCs and SIDS h ancient turn outd to fall. dodge II. 1. FDI flows, by theatrical role, cc92011 (Billions of dollars and per penny) land mankind certain economies growing economies Africa eastern hemisphere and southeastward Asia southbound Asia wolfram Asia Latin the States and the Caribbean inflection economies Structurally weak, vulnerable and small economiesa LDCs LLDCs SIDS Memorandum perpennyage assign in humanity FDI flows positiv e economies ontogenesis economies Africa eastmost and sou-east Asia conspiracy Asia westward Asia Latin the States and the Caribbean transmutation economies Structurally weak, vulnerable and small economiesa LDCs LLDCs SIDS 2009 1 197. 606. 2 519. 2 52. 6 206. 6 42. 4 66. 3 149. 4 72. 4 45. 2 18. 3 28. 0 4. 4 50. 6 43. 3 4. 4 17. 2 3. 5 5. 5 12. 5 6. 0 3. 8 1. 5 2. 3 0. 4 FDI inflows 2010 1 309. 0 618. 6 616. 7 43. 1 294. 1 31. 7 58. 2 187. 4 73. 8 42. 2 16. 9 28. 2 4. 2 47. 3 47. 1 3. 3 22. 5 2. 4 4. 4 14. 3 5. 6 3. 2 1. 3 2. 2 0. 3 2011 1 524. 4 747. 9 684. 4 42. 7 335. 5 38. 9 48. 7 217. 0 92. 2 46. 7 15. 0 34. 8 4. 1 49. 1 44. 9 2. 8 22. 0 2. 6 3. 2 14. 2 6. 0 3. 1 1. 0 2. 3 0. 3 2009 1 one hundred seventy- cinque. 1 857. 8 268. 5 3. 2 176. 6 16. 4 17. 9 54. 3 48. 8 5. 0 1. 1 4. 0 0. 3 73. 0 22. 0. 3 15. 0 1. 4 1. 5 4. 6 4. 2 0. 4 0. 1 0. 3 0. 0 FDI outflows 2010 1 451. 4 989. 6 cd. 1 7. 0 243. 0 13. 6 16. 4 119. 9 61. 6 11. 5 3. 1 9. 3 0. 3 68. 2 27. 6 0. 5 16. 7 0. 9 1. 1 8. 3 4. 2 0. 8 0. 2 0. 6 0. 0 2011 1 694. 4 1 237. 5 383. 8 3. 5 239. 9 15. 2 25. 4 99. 7 73. 1 9. 2 3. 3 6. 5 0. 6 73. 0 22. 6 0. 2 14. 2 0. 9 1. 5 5. 9 4. 3 0. 5 0. 2 0. 4 0. 0 Source UNCTAD, FDI/TNC infobase (www. unctad. org/fdistatistics). a Without echo counting. CHAPTER II neighborhoodal Trends in FDI 39 1. Africa A. REGIONAL TRENDS Fig. FID ows Africa fingers breadth A.FDI flows, top 5 entertain and home economies, 20102011 (Billions of dollars) (Host) Nigeria southwestern Africa gold sailing Angola card A. Distri merelyion of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 commit above $3. 0 meg $2. 0 to $2. 9 jillion Inflows Outflows Nigeria, southwestward Africa .. and gold coast congo, Algeria, Morocco, .. Mozambique, Zambia Sudan, Chad, pop $1. 0 to absolute majority rule of the congo, ginzo, Angola, Zambia $1. 9 trillion Tunisia, coupled land of Tanzania, Niger Mada toutcar, Namibia, Uganda, $0. 5 to equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Egypt, Algeria $0. zill ion Botswana, Liberia Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Cote dIvoire, Kenya, Senegal, $0. 1 to Mauritius, Ethiopia, Mali, Liberia, Morocco, Libya $0. 4 meg Seychelles, Benin, cardinal African body politic, Rwanda, Somalia Swaziland, ness Verde, Djibouti, Democratic commonwealth of the Congo, Mauritius, Malawi, Togo, Lesotho, Sierra Gabon, Sudan, Senegal, Niger, Tunisia, Togo, Leone, Mauritania, Gambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Cote dIvoire, Seychelles, on a lower floor Guinea-Bissau, Eritrea, Sao Ghana, Guinea, Swaziland, Mauritania, Burkina $0. cardinal Tome and Principe, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Benin, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Faso, Comoros, Burundi, Egypt, Sao Tome and Principe, Cape Verde, Namibia, Angola Mozambique, Cameroon, siemens Africa, Nigeria a Economies are listed agree to the order of their FDI flows. (Home) Zambia Egypt Congo Algeria Algeria 2011 2010 Liberia 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 2011 2010 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 0. 0 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. 0 8. 0 9. 0 10. 0 Fig.B Africa FDI in ows issue B. FDI inflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) westmost Africa Fig. C Africa FDI out ows trope C. FDI outflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 Central Africa south- centimeralern Africa east Africa due north Africa 2005 2006 2007 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Central Africa southwestwardern Africa northeastern Africa easternmost Africa tungsten Africa 2008 2009 2010 2011 2005 3. 1 2006 2. 5 2007 2. 6 2008 3. 2 2009 4. 4 2010 3. 3 2011 2. 8 carry on in population summate 4 0. 2 . 6 0. 4 0. 4 0. 3 0. 5 0. 2 circuit card B. Cross-border M&As by constancy, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) field/ application complete patriarchal Mining, tap and crude Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Chemicals and chemic products Metals and sur exhibit products electrical and electronic equipment go Trade Transport, entrepot and communication theory Finance business field work plank C. Cross-border M&As by expanse/ section, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) expanse/ verdant valet Developed economies European married couple joined States lacquer separate develop countries Developing economies Africa east and South- easternmost Asia South Asia western Asia Latin America and the Caribbean change economies 4 812 22 22 4 393 15 810 441 181 10 674 37 8 072 6 722 1 838 1 931 3 199 246 1 048 365 499 10 922 10 653 84 51 unadulterated gross gross sales 2010 2011 8 072 2 516 2 516 303 263 5 32 -9 5 253 84 1 912 134 2 994 7 205 1 664 1 595 1 922 1 026 155 286 470 3 619 2 161 489 910 149 Purchases 2010 2011 3 309 28 28 404 2 15 2 933 49 2 547 436 gross sales 2010 2011 205 4 308 2 528 1 408 649 278 2 865 408 1 679 318 464 -5 130 Purchases 2010 2011 3 309 1 371 1 240 45 86 1 550 365 257 38 965 75 388 4 812 4 265 1 987 41 2 236 547 408 78 217 duck D. Greenfield FDI chucks by manufacture, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/ assiduity supply aboriginal Mining, tap and fossil crude oil color Manufactu ring Food, beverages and tobacco Coke, oil color and nuclear displace Metals and alloy products drive vehicles and other get off equipment run Electricity, torpedo and peeing pull Transport, storage and communication theory art serve Africa as terminal Africa as investors circumvent E. Greenfield FDI projects by perpennyage/country, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Partner contribution/ parsimony World Developed economies European northward linked States Japan Other develop countries Developing economies Africa easternmost and South- eastside Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean passageway economies Africa as destination 88 918 20 237 20 237 39 506 1 888 23 235 2 093 2 568 29 175 5 432 7 630 6 381 5 429 2010 82 315 22 824 22 824 31 205 5 185 9 793 5 185 3 118 28 286 10 477 3 303 5 345 5 619 2011 6 662 1 246 1 246 7 506 175 5 684 429 99 7 910 899 2 627 1 274 2010 16 551 4 640 4 640 4 798 628 2 212 9 7 113 1 441 1 223 68 2 282 2011 88 918 48 554 32 095 5 507 473 10 479 37 752 12 226 9 929 4 890 9 897 809 2 612 2010 82 315 38 939 23 633 6 627 1 299 7 380 42 649 10 368 12 357 11 113 7 038 1 774 727 2011 Africa as investors 16 662 1 192 373 49 769 15 462 12 226 141 75 2 517 503 8 2010 16 551 487 182 259 45 16 064 10 368 400 980 cl 1 167 2011 40 World enthronement Report 2012 Towards a mod times of Investment PoliciesContinued fall in FDI inflows to Africa yet some cause for optimism. FDI flows to Africa were at $42. 7 zillion in 2011, marking a lead successive form of spill, although the correct is marginal (figure B). Both cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) (tables B and C) and greenfield coronations by unusual transnational corporations (TNCs) (tables D and E) decreased. In terms of share in orbicular FDI flows, the holys position squandered from 3. 3 per penny in 2010 to 2. 8 per pennyime in 2011 (figure B).FDI to Africa from developed countries degenerate sharply, leaving developing and transitio n economies to profit their share in inward FDI to the continent (in the case of greenfield enthronement projects, from 45 per pennyime in 2010 to 53 per pennyime in 2011 table E). However, this picture of an oecumenic declining swerve in FDI does not reflect the occurrence across all parts of the continent. The prejudicial growth for the continent as a whole was driven in enceinte part by reduced flows to northeasterly Africa caused by governmental unrest and by a small chassis of other exceptions to a primarily much positive trend.Inflows to sub-Saharan Africa1 recovered from $29. 5 cardinal in 2010 to $36. 9 zillion in 2011, a level comparable with the elevation in 2008 ($37. 3 trillion). northeast Africa has traditionally been the recipient of astir(predicate) one third of inward FDI to the continent. Inflows in 2011 halved, to $7. 69 million, and those to the devil major recipient countries, Egypt and Libya, were negligible. Outward FDI from North Africa also fell sharply in 2011 to $1. 75 cardinal, compared with $4. 85 cardinal in 2010. These figures are in stark transmission line with the peak of 2008 when the outward FDI of North African ountries reached $8. 75 zillion. Flows to West Africa were destined to begin with for Ghana and Nigeria, which together accounted for some terce rumps of the sub constituents inflows. Guinea emerged with one of the strongest gains in FDI growth in 2011, a trend that is likely to continue in the next few years in view of the $6 zillion that State-owned chinaware Power Investment Corporation plans to invest in bauxite and alumina projects. Overall, inward FDI flows to West Africa strained by 36 per penny, to $16. 1 billion.The bulk of FDI in Central Africa goes to three commodity-rich countries the primarily crude-exporting Congo and equatorial Guinea and the mineralexporting Democratic democracy of the Congo. Although inward FDI flows to Congo grew strongly in 2011, weak inflows to the Democratic state of the Congo affected the share as a whole and resulted in inward enthronement flows to Central Africa travel by 10. 2 per cent overall to $8. 53 billion. Inward FDI to Southern Africa, recovered from a 78 per cent decline in 2010, more(prenominal) than doubling its hit to $6. 37 billion.This reversal was precipitated primarily by the sharp rebound of flows to South Africa, the regions macroscopicalst FDI recipient. Inflows to Angola, however, declined by over $2 billion. due east Africa, with historically the lowest FDI inflows in sub-Saharan Africa, reversed the downward trend of 20092010 to reach $3. 96 billion, a level just 5 per cent infra the peak of 2008. As most countries in this subregion take over not been considered rich in subjective resources, they let not traditionally attracted immense investitures into exportoriented employment in the ancient sphere, except in agriculture.However, the discovery of gas fields is likely to change th is pattern crucially. in the altogether vegetable oil- and gas-producing countries are emerging as major recipients of FDI. Oil business in subSaharan Africa has been dominated by the two track producer countries, Angola and Nigeria. Nigeria was Africas large-mouthedst recipient of FDI flows ($8. 92 billion) in 2011, accounting for over one fifth of all flows to the continent. In gross terms, Angola attracted FDI inflows charge $10. 5 billion, although in net terms, divestments and repatriated income left its inflows at -$5. 9 billion. out from these major oil-producing countries, investors are looking further afield in search of oil and gas reserves. Ghana, in crabbed, benefited from FDI in the fresh developed Jubilee oil field, where commercial end product started in December 2010. Elsewhere, Tullow Oil ( unite Kingdom) announce its plan to invest $2. 0 billion to construct an oil refinery in Uganda. terrific Energy (joined States) also inform plans to invest $1. 6 billion to set up exertion surface(p)s and a affect platform in Equatorial Guinea.Inward FDI flows to Uganda and Equatorial Guinea were $792 million and $737 million individually in 2011, but announced greenfield projects award future investitures of $6. 1 billion in Uganda and $4. 8 billion in Equatorial Guinea, indicating strong FDI growth in these countries. CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 41 If oil reserves off the Atlantic coast of Africa devote drawn significant FDI to that region, ingrained gas reserves in eastern Africa, specially the offshore fields of Mozambique and the United commonwealth of Tanzania, hold equal promise. In 2011, inflows of FDI to Mozambique doubled from the foregoing year, to $2. 9 billion. New discoveries of large- eggshell gas reserves continue to be made in 2012. discipline of gas fields and the liquefied natural gas (LNG) pains get out control on huge upfront investitures and presents considerable technical challenges. FDI is certain to fiddle a large role in developing this pains in the region, as exemplified by the plans announced by Eni (Italy) to invest $50 billion to develop the gas fields of slowly discovered in Mozambique. Sectoral shift emerging, oddly towards function. The limited volume of FDI to Africa tends to make inflows modify widely from year to year.Nevertheless, viewed over a longer time time period, a conspicuous sectoral shift is taking place in FDI to Africa. Data on greenfield projects by three-year periods file that, contrary to popular perceptions, the relative greatness of the primordial sector is declining, although the amount of money order of projects is holding steady (figure II. 1). The information on projects in serve in the period 20062008 are inflated by the announcements of no fewer than 13 wrench projects worth more than $3 billion each, which take many years to complete. Still, a general ascendancy of the serve sector is clear.Aside from the causeion industry, projects are drawn into industries much(prenominal) as electric, gas and water distribution, and rapture, storage and communications in the service sector and industries much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as coke, oil products and nuclear provoke in the manufacturing sector. This shift is more astir(predicate) diversification of naturalresource-related activities than a decline of the extr b riskiness industry. some(prenominal) of the projects in manufacturing and run are premised on the availability of natural resources or add a supporting role for the extr energetic industry.Such projects include a $15 billion project by Western Goldfields (Canada) to construct a coal-fired power station in Nigeria and an $8 billion project by Klesch & Company (United Kingdom) to build an oil refinery in Libya, two announced in 2008. smash prospects for 2012. The regions prospects for FDI in 2012 are promising, as strong frugal growth, current economical reforms a nd eminent commodity prices hasten improved investor perceptions of the continent. Relatively high lucrativeness of FDI in the continent is some other factor.Data on the favorableness of United States FDI (FDI income as a share of FDI stock) show a 20 per cent return in Africa in 2010, compared with 14 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean and 15 per cent in Asia (United States Department of Commerce, 2011 51). In improver to traditional patterns of FDI to the extractive industries, the emergence of a middle trend is fostering the growth of FDI in services much(prenominal) as banking, retail and telecommunications. UNCTADs forecast of FDI inflows also points to this pattern (figure I. 10).It is especially likely if investor confidence begins to return to North Africa and compensates for the recent declines in this region. Figure II. 1. nurture of greenfield investments in Africa, by sector, 20032011 (Billions of dollars) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 ascorbic acid 50 0 work Manufacturing primary quill 20032005 20062008 20092011 Source UNCTAD, ground on selective information from Financial Times Ltd, fDi Markets (www. fDimarkets. com). 42 World Investment Report 2012 Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies Fig. FID ows Africa 2. East and southeastern United States Asia fudge A. Distribution of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 Range to a higher(prenominal) place $50 billion $10 to $49 billion Inflows chinaware, Hong Kong ( china), capital of Singapore Outflows Hong Kong (China), China Fig. FID ows East and southeasterly Asia Figure A. FDI flows, top 5 soldiers and home economies, 20102011 (Billions of dollars) (Host) (Home) China Hong Kong, China China Indonesia, Malaysia Singapore, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan obligation of China, Thailand Indonesia, Viet Nam Hong Kong, China Singapore Viet Nam, Thailand, Mongolia, $1. 0 to $9. 9 Republic of Korea, Macao (China), billion Philippines, Brunei Darussalam $0. 1 to $0. 9 Cambodia, Myanmar, Lao piles billion Democratic Republic beneath $0. billion a Singapore Republic of Korea Malaysia 0 20 40 60 80 .. Mongolia, Macao (China), Cambodia, Brunei Darussalam, Philippines, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Indonesia Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Timor-Leste, Taiwan Province of China Malaysia 0 20 40 60 80 2011 2010 century cxx cxl 2011 2010 light speed 120 Economies are listed according to the magnitude of their FDI flows. Fig. B East & South-East Asia FDI in ows Figure B. FDI inflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) Fig. C East & South-East Asia FDI out ows Figure C. FDI outflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) 240 200 160 120 80 40 South-East Asia East Asia 20 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 South-East Asia East Asia 2005 16. 3 2006 13. 4 2007 12. 0 2008 13. 2 2009 17. 2 2010 22. 5 2011 22. 0 Share in world total 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 7. 9 8. 1 7. 9 8. 4 15. 0 16. 7 14. 2 postpone B. Cross-border M by industry, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry original Primary Mining, quarrying and oil color Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Chemicals and chemical substance products Electrical and electronic equipment Precision instruments Services Electricity, gas and water Trade Finance Business servicesTable C. Cross-border M by region/country, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Region/country World Developed economies European coalescence United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean pitch contour economies 26 417 427 607 11 423 2 383 1 796 864 78 15 421 796 194 952 5 642 sales 2010 2011 32 715 5 214 4 780 10 253 3 078 1 159 3 279 806 17 248 2 280 1 704 6 484 4 365 67 609 18 844 18 932 6 994 3 714 2 396 331 3 41 771 1 345 1 912 33 111 483Purchases 2010 2011 67 966 19 301 19 695 12 609 961 6 596 1 794 684 36 056 3 855 1 752 31 215 1 273 26 417 7 439 1 288 673 3 229 2 249 18 087 2 57 18 870 1 201 2 320 79 Sales 2010 2011 32 715 15 007 4 548 2 086 6 760 1 613 15 346 78 12 968 539 1 758 159 1 531 67 609 34 985 17 977 4 849 647 11 511 32 604 499 18 870 1 731 127 14 664 20 Purchases 2010 2011 67 966 45 773 13 906 12 369 1 084 18 414 21 814 1 679 12 968 2 417 253 9 311 379 Table D. Greenfield FDI projects by industry, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industryTotal Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Chemicals and chemical products Metals and surface products Electrical and electronic equipment repulse vehicles and other transport equipment Services companionable organization Transport, storage and communications Finance Business services Table E. Greenfield FDI projects by region/country, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) 2011 Partner region/ thrift World Developed economies European core United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribb ean mutation economiesEast and South-East Asia as destination 213 770 3 658 3 647 129 489 16 410 14 856 34 930 28 559 80 623 4 601 13 226 15 900 13 471 2010 206 924 4 444 4 444 131 800 25 582 16 735 21 578 17 921 70 681 7 021 19 141 16 451 10 255 2011 East and South-East Asia as investors 143 094 4 262 4 262 104 303 7 980 16 028 26 528 10 523 34 530 5 030 5 943 4 777 4 200 2010 East and South-East Asia as destination 213 770 136 798 44 341 44 237 36 353 11 866 71 324 141 63 779 1 955 2 910 2 531 5 648 East and South-East one hundred twenty-five 466 5 158 5 158 85 119 6 480 24 522 11 376 9 084 35 189 3 840 6 745 5 250 1 682 2010 06 924 133 339 57 936 33 515 30 198 11 690 72 353 400 56 138 10 973 3 965 675 1 232 2011 Asia as investors 143 094 32 559 5 567 8 093 362 18 537 cv 283 9 929 63 779 18 556 2 541 9 556 5 253 2010 125 466 16 470 7 123 5 961 510 2 877 102 434 12 357 56 138 19 050 5 930 8 950 6 563 2011 CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 43 South-East Asia is catching up. Regist ering a 14 per cent make up, total FDI inflows to East and SouthEast Asia aggregateed to $336 billion in 2011 (figure B). The region accounted for 22 per cent of total global FDI flows, up from more or less 12 per cent before the global fiscal crisis.FDI inflows reached unused records in some(prenominal) subregions, as good as in the major economies, such as China Hong Kong, China Singapore and Indonesia (figure A). South-East Asia keep to outperform East Asia in FDI growth. Inflows to the former reached $117 billion, up 26 per cent, compared with $219 billion, up 9 per cent, in the latter, limiting the gap among the two subregions (figure B, subjoin table I. 1). Among the economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), four Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore saying a considerable rise in their FDI inflows.The public presentation of the comparatively low-income countries, namely Cambodia, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and Myanma r was generally good as swell up, though Viet Nam declined slightly. Although natural disaster in Thailand disrupted production by distant affiliates in the country, itemly in the automobile and electronic industries, and undefendable a weakness of the current supply-chain perplexity systems, FDI inflows to the country remained at a high level of n early on $10 billion, only marginally lower than that of 2010.Overall, as East Asian countries, particularly China, fork up continued to experience rising wages and production be, the relative competitiveness of ASEAN in manufacturing has been enhanced. Accordingly, some distant affiliates in Chinas coastal regions are relocating to South-East Asia,2 while others are moving their production facilities to interior China. The performance of East Asian economies showed a mixed picture. FDI flows to China reached a historically high level of $124 billion in 2011. The south largest recipient in the subregion, Hong Kong, China, saw it s inflows increase to $83 billion (figure A), a historic high as well.By contrast, inflows to the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China declined to $4. 7 billion and -$2 billion, respectively. Japan gains commonwealth as investor in the region. Partly as a result of the significant taste of the Japanese yen in 2011, TNCs from Japan have strengthened their efforts in investiture abroad (section A. 7), particularly in in high-ticket(prenominal) production locations in South-East Asia. For instance, in 2011, attracted by low labour costs and good growth prospects, Japanese companies pledged to invest about $1. 8 billion in Viet Nam. In China, FDI from Japan rise from $4 billion (4 per cent of total inflows) in 2010 to $6 billion (9 per cent of total inflows) in 2011. In Mongolia, large projects in extractive industries, including the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine, are creation implemented or negotiated, some with Japanese investors. In addition, negotiation of the Economic un ion Agreement with Japan may hold in more FDI to Mongolia. Owing to the worsen sovereign debt crisis and related crystallineity problems at home, TNCs from Europe have slowed their pace of elaborateness in East and South-East Asia since late 2011.In particular, some European banks have chthonictaken divestments from the region, interchange their Asian operations to regional players, a trend which may continue this year with banks such as HSBC and Royal assert of Scotland selling assets in Hong Kong, China Thailand and Malaysia. The actions of TNCs from the United States were mixed some in industries such as home appliances have been relocating production facilities to their home countries,4 while others in industries such as automotives have continued to expand in Asia. 5 Greenfield investment dominates, but M are on the rise.Greenfield investment is the dominant mode of entry in East and South-East Asia, although the total keep down of investment decreased slightly in 2011 to about $207 billion. In contrast, cross-border M sales in the region change magnitude by about 24 per cent to $33 billion, driven by a hang glide in South-East Asia, where total M sales more than doubled, reach $20 billion. Sales in East Asia dropped by one fourth, with a rise in M in China (up 77 per cent to $11 billion) cancelled out by a fall in those in Hong Kong, China (down 92 per cent to $1 billion).In manufacturing, the major industries in which greenfield investment took place were chemical products, electronics, automotive and metal and metal products in that order, while those most targeted for cross-border M were electronics and furtheste and beverages. M sales also change magnitude 44 World Investment Report 2012 Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies in services, modify to a longer-term shift. In China, for example, FDI flows to services surpassed those to manufacturing for the maiden time as the result of a rise in flows to non-financial services an d a slowdown of flows to manufacturing.FDI in pay is expected to grow as the country continues to outspoken its financial markets,6 and as foreign banks, including HSBC (United Kingdom) and Citigroup (United States), expand their presence through both M and organic growth. 7 Outward FDI East Asia slows down while SouthEast Asia sets a forward-looking record. FDI outflows from East and South-East Asia as a whole remained more or less stable afterwards the significant increase in 2010 (figure C). FDI outflows from East Asia dropped by 9 per cent to $180 billion, the basic decline since 2005, while those from South-East Asia uprisebush 36 per cent to $60 billion, a record high.FDI outflows from Hong Kong, China, the regions financial centre and largest source of FDI, declined in 2011 by 14. 5 per cent to $82 billion, but increased in the last quarter of the year. FDI outflows from China dropped by 5. 4 per cent to $65 billion. In contrast, outflows from Singapore, the leading s ource of FDI in South-East Asia, registered a 19 per cent growth, scope $25 billion. Outflows from Thailand and Indonesia surged, reaching $11 billion and $8 billion. The holla was driven primarily by cross-border M in the case of Thailand and by greenfield investments in the case of Indonesia.Diverging patterns in foreign M. TNCs from East and South-East Asia continued to expand globally by actively acquiring overseas assets. Their M purchases worldwide amounted to $68 billion in 2011, marginally higher than the front record set in 2010. Their cross-border M activities demonstrated diverging trends total purchases in developed countries increased by 31 per cent to $46 billion, while those in developing countries declined by 33 per cent to $22 billion (table C).The rise in their M in developed countries as a whole was driven mainly by increases in Australia (up 20 per cent to $8 billion), Canada (up 99 per cent to $9 billion) and the United States (up 155 per cent to $12 billio n), while the nurse of total purchases in Europe decreased by 8 per cent to $17 billion. The rise in M purchases in the developed world corresponded to an increase in M in manufacturing, to $13 billion (table B). Greenfield investment by TNCs from East and South-East Asia dropped, in both number and value (tables D and E).The number of recorded greenfield projects undertaken by firms based in East and South-East Asia was about 1,200. The value of investments dropped by 12 per cent to about $125 billion. In manufacturing, East and South-East Asian TNCs in industries such as metals and metal products as well as intellectual nourishment and beverages have been investing more frequently through greenfield investment. In services, companies from East Asia in particular continued to be active players in the M markets in both developed and developing countries. short-term prospects slowing growth.FDI growth in the region has slowed since late 2011 because of growing uncertainties in the global economy. FDI to manufacturing stagnated in China, but the country is change magnitudely attracting market-seeking FDI, especially in services. According to the annual World Investment Prospects Survey (WIPS) undertaken by UNCTAD this year, China continues to be the most favoured destination of FDI inflows. FDI prospects in South-East Asia remain promising, as the rankings of ASEAN economies, such as Indonesia and Thailand, have come up markedly in the survey. CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 5 3. South Asia Table A. Distribution of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 Range Above $10 billion $1. 0 to $9. 9 billion $0. 1 to $0. 9 billion Below $0. 1 billion a Figure A. FDI flows, top 5 host and home economies, 20102011 Fig. FID ows dollars) (Billions of South Asia (Host) India Iran, Islamic Republic of Pakistan India Iran, Islamic Republic of Pakistan Inflows India India Outflows (Home) Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, Bangladesh .. Sri Lanka, Maldives Islamic Re public of Iran Nepal, Afghanistan, Bhutan Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Bangladesh Sri LankaEconomies are listed according to the magnitude of their FDI flows. Sri Lanka 2011 2010 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Bangladesh 2011 2010 0 3 6 9 12 15 Fig. B South Asia FDI in ows Figure B. FDI inflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) 60 50 40 30 10 20 10 0 2005 1. 5 2006 1. 9 2007 1. 8 2008 3. 0 2009 3. 5 2010 2. 4 2011 2. 6 Share in world total 5 0 2005 0. 4 25 20 15 Fig. C South Asia FDI in ows Figure C. FDI outflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) 2006 1. 0 2007 0. 9 2008 1. 0 2009 1. 4 2010 0. 9 2011 0. 9 Table B. Cross-border M by industry, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industryTotal Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing timberland and wood products Chemicals and chemical products Non-metallic mineral products Motor vehicles and other transport equipment Services Electricity, gas and water Trade Finance Business services Table C. Cross-border M by region/country, 2 0102011 (Millions of dollars) Region/country World Developed economies European nub United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies Sales 2010 2011 569 18 18 5 960 4 194 3 4 409 53 275 602 12 875 8 997 8 997 1 940 435 85 152 977 1 937 310 341 701 291 26 682 5 240 5 240 2 499 174 393 14 18 943 95 29 5 745 424 Purchases 2010 2011 6 078 111 111 1 489 6 1 370 24 470 4 478 1 636 1 461 96 5 569 7 439 153 5 319 1 372 596 1 910 38 1 731 342 177 735 Sales 2010 2011 12 875 14 870 12 450 1 576 986 142 2 017 217 2 417 46 133 3 26 682 7 836 971 3 343 3 522 18 823 10 922 1 201 342 898 5 460 24 Purchases 2010 2011 6 078 5 239 1 094 23 40 4 082 1 083 318 539 46 180 245 Table D. Greenfield FDI projects by industry, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industryTotal Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Chemicals and chemical products Metals and me tal products Machinery and equipment Motor vehicles and other transport equipment Services edifice Transport, storage and communications Finance Business services Table E. Greenfield FDI projects by region/country, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) 2011 Partner region/economy World Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies South Asia as destination 2 899 1 080 1 080 43 943 4 224 13 635 2 809 9 483 17 876 1 554 4 554 2 108 2 722 2010 68 019 47 649 4 567 19 223 3 157 11 466 20 369 2 640 3 675 2 552 5 879 2011 20 777 679 679 12 446 3 905 3 740 404 2 349 7 653 511 501 1 823 1 785 2010 South Asia as investors South Asia as destination 62 899 38 423 18 858 11 169 6 258 2 138 23 900 75 18 556 2 177 2 266 826 576 35 593 4 one hundred sixty-five 4 165 19 435 1 370 8 287 132 2 628 11 993 776 345 1 710 3 228 2010 68 019 41 532 16 0 08 14 024 8 366 3 135 26 097 980 19 050 1 910 4 093 64 389 2011 20 777 6 368 3 619 728 8 2 012 13 341 4 890 1 955 2 177 3 752 566 1 069 2010South Asia as investors 35 593 4 503 2 512 1 497 8 485 30 266 11 113 10 973 1 910 5 672 598 824 2011 46 World Investment Report 2012 Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies FDI inflows to South Asia have turned around. Inflows move up by 23 per cent to $39 billion in 2011 (2. 6 per cent of global FDI flows) after a sliding board in 20092010 (figure B). The retrieval derived mainly from the inflows of $32 billion to India, the dominant FDI recipient in South Asia. Inflows to the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan, recipients of the twinkling and third largest FDI flows, amounted to $4. 2 billion and $1. billion (figure A). Bangladesh has also emerged as an principal(prenominal) recipient, with inflows increase to a record high of $1. 1 billion. In 2011, about 145 cross-border M and 1,045 greenfield FDI projects by foreign TNCs were recorded in South Asia ( extension service tables I. 4 and I. 9). Cross-border M rose by about 131 per cent in value, and the total reached $13 billion (tables B and C), surpassing the previous record set in 2008. The significant increase was driven mainly by a number of large transactions in extractive industries undertaken by acquirers from the European Union (EU), as well as from developing Asia.By contrast, cross-border M sales in manufacturing declined by about two thirds, to a level under $2 billion (table B). Sales in services amounted to $2 billion as well but were still much below the annual amounts during 20062009. Within manufacturing, the automotive industry ($1 billion) was the main target of investors, while in services, finance ($700 million) was the main target. FDI outflows from South Asia picked up as well. In 2011, outflows from the region rose by 12 per cent to $15 billion, after a decline of three years. Outflows from India, the dominant source of FDI from the region, increased from $13. 2 billion in 2010 to $14. billion in 2011 (figure A). However, Indian TNCs became less active in acquiring overseas assets. The amount of total cross-border M purchases decreased significantly in all three sectors from $5. 2 billion to $111 million in the principal(a) sector, from $2. 5 billion to $1. 5 billion in manufacturing, and from $19. 0 billion to $4. 5 billion in services. The drop was compensated largely by a rise in overseas greenfield projects, particularly in extractive industries, metal and metal products, and business services (table D). Indian companies in information applied science services have long been active players in global markets.In recent years, firms in service industries such as banking and food services have also sound increasingly active in overseas markets, particularly in developed countries and especially in the United Kingdom. In early 2012, the State Bank of India started offering mortgages in the United Kingdom. India Hospitality Corp. acquired Adelie Food Holding, based in the United Kingdom, for $350 million, to capture growth opportunities in the Indian fast food market. Cautiously optimistic prospects. Countries in the region face various challenges, which need to be tackled in order to build an captivating investment climate for enhancing development.Recent developments have highlighted bare-assed opportunities (box II. 1). The growth of inflows so far appears likely to keep its momentum in 2012. As economic growth in India has slowed, however, concerns have arisen about short-term prospects for FDI inflows to South Asia. Whether countries in the region can overcome old challenges and grasp new opportunities to attract investment pull up stakes depend to a large extent on Governments efforts to further open their economies and deepen regional economic integration.CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 47 concussion II. 1. Attracting investment for development old challenges and new oppo rtunities for South Asia South Asian countries face different challenges in building a conducive business environment and an pleasing investment climate, which are crucial for promoting economic development. These challenges include, for instance, stabilization in Afghanistan, security concerns in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan, and macroeconomic as well as semipolitical issues in India.Two issues stand out as major concerns political risks and obstacles at the country level and weak integration processes at the regional level. At the country level, high political risks and obstacles have been an important factor deterring FDI inflows. Countries in the region rank high in the country risk guides of political-risk assessment services, and political restrictions on both FDI and business cerebrate between countries in the region have long existed. This has deterred FDI inflows and negatively affected the countries FDI performance. However, recent developments have highlig hted new opportunities.For instance, the political kindred between India and Pakistan, the two major economies on the subcontinent, has been moving towards greater cooperation, with Pakistan granting India most-favoured-nation status in November 2011 and India of late announcing that it will allow FDI from Pakistan. In Afghanistan, some FDI has started to flow into extractive industries. At the regional level, progress in economic integration (with the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation as the key architect) has been slow, and the trade barriers between neighbouring countries in the region are among the highest in the world.South Asia is perhaps one of the least corporate developing regions intraregional trade accounts for about 2 per cent of total gross national product (gross domestic product), compared with more than 20 per cent in East Asia. In addition, investment issues have not yet been include in the regional integration process. As a result, the region has not been able to certainize its potential for attracting FDI inflows, especially in promoting intraregional FDI flows. In 2011, intraregional greenfield investment accounted for merely 3 per cent of the regional total, compared with 27 per cent in East and South-East Asia.Nevertheless, high economic growth in major economies in the subregion has created a momentum for regional integration in recent years, and South Asian countries have increasingly legitimateized that regional integration can answer them improve the climate for investment and business. The cellular inclusion of an investment agenda in the regional integration process and in particular the creation of a regional investment area can play an important role in this regard. Source UNCTAD and UNESCAP. 48 World Investment Report 2012 Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies 4. West AsiaTable A. Distribution of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 Range Above $10 billion Inflows Saudi-Arabian Arabia, bom b calorimeter .. Outflows Figure A. FDI flows, top 5 host and home economies, 20102011 Fig. FID ows West Asia (Billions of dollars) (Host) (Home) Saudi Arabia jokester United Arab Emirates Lebanon Kuwait $5. 0 to $9. 9 billion United Arab Emirates Kuwait, Qatar Qatar $1. 0 to $4. 9 billion Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic Saudi Arabia, jokester, United Arab Emirates Lebanon, Bahrain, Oman, Iraq, Yemen, Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic, Palestinian TerritorySaudi Arabia bomb United Arab Emirates 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Below $1. 0 billion a Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, Palestinian Territory, Qatar, Yemen Iraq 0 5 10 15 20 2011 2010 25 2011 2010 7 8 9 10 Economies are listed according to the magnitude of their FDI flows. Fig. B West Asia FDI in ows Figure B. FDI inflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) Fig. C West Asia FDI out ows Figure C. FDI outflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2005 4. 5 2006 4. 6 2007 4. 0 2008 5. 1 2009 5. 5 2010 4. 4 2011 3. 2 Share in world total Other West Asia gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) bomb calorimeter 0 40 30 20 10 0 2005 1. 4 2006 1. 6 2007 1. 5 2008 1. 9 2009 1. 5 Other West Asia disjuncture Cooperation Council (GCC) Turkey 2010 1. 1 2011 1. 5 Table B. Cross-border M by industry, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Wood and wood products Chemicals and chemical products Metals and metal products Machinery and equipment Services Electricity, gas and water Transport, storage and communications Finance Business services Table C. Cross-border M by region/country, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Region/countryWorld Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies Sales 2010 2011 4 887 170 170 2 416 10 19 410 2 301 59 100 1 611 172 9 713 2 730 2 682 665 37 180 174 310 6 3 17 555 338 4 128 895 15 278 1 484 1 484 18 16 19 16 780 400 10 721 4 163 281 Purchases 2010 2011 6 136 37 37 780 89 -2 3 5 319 xcl 2 568 7 954 314 Sales 2010 2011 4 887 2 257 1 472 112 343 331 2 062 965 127 898 72 21 9 713 8 222 9 412 1 579 33 356 1 187 253 916 18 5 15 278 2 555 683 2 333 461 12 724 10 653 2 320 177 72 Purchases 2010 2011 6 136 2 599 5 083 1 110 1 374 3 420 464 1 758 133 916 147 117 Table D. Greenfield FDI projects by industry, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Coke, petroleum and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Metals and metal products Services Electricity, gas and water look Hotels and restaurants Business services Table E. Greenfield FDI projects by region/country, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) 2011 Partner region/economyWorld Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Afri ca East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies West Asia as destination 60 011 1 631 1 631 23 395 1 443 1 165 8 977 3 155 34 985 6 004 11 231 5 431 3 976 2010 69 151 915 915 39 640 3 783 4 472 13 877 8 260 28 595 6 744 6 620 4 686 3 199 2011 West Asia as investors 37 190 7 538 1 110 2 122 1 771 737 29 652 570 13 630 2 921 4 805 2010 West Asia as destination 60 011 36 532 23 370 8 219 1 162 3 782 21 726 2 517 2 541 3 752 12 403 513 1 753 4 194 503 503 19 444 2 414 7 633 3 372 3 088 24 247 2 611 12 603 1 920 921 2010 69 151 38 990 14 911 18 121 2 896 3 062 29 466 150 5 930 5 672 17 535 178 695 2011 West Asia as investors 37 190 3 769 3 454 123 192 28 313 9 897 2 910 2 266 12 403 836 5 108 2010 44 194 9 687 7 481 1 937 269 33 371 7 038 3 965 4 093 17 535 699 1 135 2011 CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 49 Inflows to West Asia declined for a third year. They decreased by 16 per cent to $49 billion in 2011, affected by both the conti nuing political instability and the debasement of global economic prospects in the second half of 2011.The level is the lowest since 2005 when FDI flows stood at about $44 billion and far below the record high of about $92 billion registered in 2008 (figure B). Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are still recovering from the relief or cancellation of large-scale projects in previous years. They registered a drop of 35 per cent in FDI inflows, which brought their share in the regions total from 69 per cent in 2010 to 53 per cent in 2011. Saudi Arabia the regions biggest recipient saw a 42 per cent fall in 2011 to $16 billion, which largely explains the overall decline.FDI flows to Oman and Qatar also decreased reaching negative values in the latter but those to Bahrain, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates rebounded from comparatively low values (figure A and annex table I. 1). Some of the big and expensive projects that had prospered in these countries during the precri sis period had to be suspend or cancelled when project finance dried up in the shake up of the global financial crisis. After a period of calm and consolidation, projects started slowly access back on line in 2010 but presently faced delays caused by the Arab uprising across the region during 2011, and by new uncertainties about global economic rospects. Some big projects with strong sponsors have managed to secure financing, sometimes with greater use of export credit agencies, in particular from Japan and the Republic of Korea, and highly liquid regional bank lenders. 8 As of October 2011, the cancelled or suspended formulation projects in the Middle East and North African market were estimated at $1. 74 trillion, with $958 billion in the United Arab Emirates entirely and $354 billion in Saudi Arabia. bend was one of the most important areas for investment to have emerged in the last oil boom, and the pace of its activity is among the key indicators of investment behaviour i n housing, tourism, infrastructure, refineries, petrochemicals and real estate, where foreign investment prospered during the boom years. Strong recovery of FDI into Turkey. Turkey stood as an exception to regional trends, with inflows registering a 76 per cent increase to $16 billion (figure A), maintaining the countrys position as the regions second largest FDI recipient and increasing its share in the regions total from 16 to 33 per cent.The increase in inflows was mainly the result of a more than three-fold increase in crossborder M sales (annex table I. 3), with two big deals devising up most of the total. 10 In addition, Turkeys FDI promotion policy has been shifting towards a more sector- specific approach, aiming instanter at high value added, high-tech and exportoriented projects. Investments in automotive and petrochemical industries have been designated primary objectives by the Investment Support and promotional material Agency, and the mining sector will soon be ad ded as well. 1 Political and social unrest has halted FDI to nonGCC Arab countries. Flows to this group of countries which equal 14 per cent of the regions total declined by 26 per cent in 2011 to $7 billion. Spreading political and social unrest has halted FDI inflows in the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen. Flows to Lebanon were affected by the slowdown in the real estate sector the most important recipient of FDI as a consequence of adverse spillovers of both the global financial crisis and the regional unrest. change magnitude oil revenues helped boost FDI outflows.FDI outflows from West Asia rebounded by 54 per cent in 2011 after bottoming out at a five-year low in 2010 (figure C). The rise in oil prices since the end of 2010 made more funds available for outward FDI from the GCC countries. In addition to these countries the regions main outward-investing economies Turkey registered a 68 per cent increase in outward FDI flows. This is reflected in the recovery of both cro ss-border M purchases and greenfield projects abroad by Turkish investors, with a strong shift of greenfield FDI projects from developed and transition economies to neighbouring developing regions and countries.FDI prospects are still negative for inward FDI to the region. UNCTAD projects that FDI inflows will continue declining in 2012, judging by preliminary data on cross-border M sales and greenfield investment for the first five months of 2012, as 50 World Investment Report 2012 Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies uncertainties at the global and regional levels are likely to cause foreign investors to remain cautious about their investment plans in the region. In the longer term, however, the assiduity of oil wealth in the region and the strategic need to urther reduce economic addiction on the oil and gas sectors through economic diversification will create additional business opportunities, and refurbish the regions attractiveness for foreign investors (see box II. 2). boxful II. 2. Economic diversification and FDI in the GCC countries Economic diversification has recently taken high political precedence in West Asia, as the omit of job prospects for a rapidly growing, meliorate and young population was a key trigger of political unrest. The oil-rich countries saw in the surge of oil prices in the early 2000s an opportunity for change.In 2001, the six GCC members signed an economic agreement aiming to boost their diversification efforts by support the private sector, including foreign investors, to play a more active role and implementing liberalization measures to this end. The new policy model undefended a wider range of activities to FDI. unneurotic with new opportunities offered by the surge in oil revenues, this has increased annual inflows from a relatively modest $1 billion on clean during 1990 2000 to $28 billion during 20012011, eaching a record $60 billion in 2008, and targeting mainly services. Stock data from three co untries show that in 2010, services accounted for 59 per cent of inward FDI, manufacturing for 27 per cent and the primary sector mainly the oil and gas upstream industry where restrictions on FDI participation remain for 14 per cent (box figure II. 2. 1). Services was also dominant in greenfield FDI projects, attracting 51 per cent of estimated investments during 20032011 44 per cent targeted manufacturing and 5 per cent went to the primary sector. Box figure II. . 1. accumulated inward FDI stock in Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, a by sector, 2010 Primary 14 % Business activities 19 % Chemicals 11 % Manufacturing Re ning 7 % Other 9 % bend 14 % Finance 9% Services 59 % Transport, storage and communications 6% Trade 3% Electricity, gas and water 3% Other services 3% Source UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database (www. unctad. org/fdistatistics). a These three countries accounted for 69 per cent of GCC countries inward FDI stocks in 2010. Sectoral data for Bahrain, Kuwait and the United Arab Emi rates are not available.Active industrial policies have targeted FDI in specific activities, using oil revenues to establish projects and encouraging foreign investors to participate for example, in petrochemicals and petroleum refining, and the building of economic zones and new cities. / CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 51 Box II. 2. Economic diversification and FDI in the GCC countries (concluded) The sublime oil prices and increasing refining margins in the 2000s encouraged Gulf countries to establish refinery/ petrochemical complexes to produce products with higher value added.They also opened the door wider to international oil companies, as providers of technologies and market experience. several(prenominal) projects have been reinforced or are under way, through joint ventures or non-equity agreements with foreign TNCs. Several are hosted in Saudi Arabia, such as Petro Rabigh (with Sumitomo Chemical (Japan)), Al Jubail (with Total (France)), and Fujian (with ExxonMobil (U nited States) and Sinopec (China)), among others. Similar projects also took place in the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman.Building economic zones and cities has generally consisted of providing mod information and communications technology, infrastructure and services to attract leading tenants to help establish new, globally competitive industries, especially service-based ones. more(prenominal) than 55 such cities or zones have been established or are under way, generally targeting knowledge-intensive industries. GCC countries clearly experienced higher growth in their non-oil sectors during the 2000s (IMF, 2011), and the shift in their FDI policy allowed foreign direct investors to participate.Progress in equal treatment of GCC-country citizens in emancipation of movement, work, residence, economic engagement, capital movement and real estate ownership has spurred intra-GCC FDI, which has helped develop services activities. Despite this progress, hydrocarbons still domi nate real GDP and export revenues, and the expansion of the non-oil sectors has not meant a decline in dependence on oil. a High growth rates in non-oil activities have created relatively few job opportunities for national work force to assuage the high unemployment rates and trustfulness on government posts. This might taper a mismatch between flight aspirations and available opportunities, on the one hand, and between the skills required by the private sector and those available in the workforce, on the other. This introduces the risk of the consolidation of a dual system, where modern enclaves with expatriate management and workforces are undo from the skills of the national workforce which relies mostly on government jobs. GCC countries face common challenges.The scale of diversification plans will require both private and public funding, as well as cooperation and coordination between public and private sectors, which will continue to provide investment opportunities for TN Cs. Source UNCTAD. a Oil revenues delineate 6088 per cent on fair of government revenues during 20052009, and its share in export revenues was 7695 per cent in 2008, except in the United Arab Emirates, where it was 43 per cent (Samba, 2010). b In 2008, national unemployment was estimated at close to 13 per cent in Saudi Arabia, 14 per cent in the United Arab Emirates and 15 per cent in both Bahrain and Oman.The majority of those employed worked in government 88 per cent of nationals in Qatar, 86 per cent in Kuwait, 72 per cent in Saudi Arabia and 47 per cent in Oman. In 20072008, the share of migrants in total employment was estimated at 74 per cent in Bahrain, 77 per cent in Oman, 92 per cent in Qatar and 87 per cent in Saudi Arabia (Baldwin-Edwards, 2011). 52 World Investment Report 2012 Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies 5. Latin America and the Caribbean Table A. Distribution of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 Range Above $10 billion $5. 0 to $9. 9 billi on $1. to $4. 9 billion Figure A. FDI flows, topFig. FID and home economies, 20102011 5 host ows LAC (Billions of dollars) (Host) British Virgin Islands chilly Inflows brazil, British Virgin Islands, Mexico, chili pepper, Colombia Peru, Cayman Islands, Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Outflows British Virgin Islands, Chile Mexico, Colombia brazil nut British Virgin Islands Mexico (Home) Panama, Dominican Republic, Uruguay, rib Rica, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Panama, Argentina Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua Plurinational State of Bolivia, Trinidad, Tobago, Ecuador, Aruba, El Salvador, $0. to Bahamas, Bolivarian Republic of Barbados, Paraguay, Jamaica, Haiti, $0. 9 billion Venezuela, Peru Guyana, enshrine Kitts, Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Cuba Jamaica, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Turks and Caicos Islands, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Curacao, Saint Lucia, Curacao, Antigua slight than Turks and Caicos Islands, Aruba, and Barbuda, Grenada, Dominica, $0. 1 billion Belize, Sint Maarten, Honduras, Anguilla, Montserrat, Sint Maarten, Suriname, Uruguay, Dominican Suriname Republic, Barbados, brazil a Economies are listed according to the magnitude of their FDI flows. Mexico Chile Colombia Cayman Islands 70 0 10 20 30 40Colombia 0 10 20 30 40 2011 2010 50 60 2011 2010 50 60 70 Fig. B LAC FDI in ows Figure B. FDI inflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fig. C LAC FDI out ows Figure C. FDI outflows, 20052011 (Billions of dollars) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2005 Share in world total 5. 0 2006 5. 6 2007 3. 6 2008 4. 9 2009 4. 6 2010 8. 3 2011 5. 9 Caribbean Central America South America Caribbean Central America South America 2005 8. 0 2006 6. 7 2007 8. 7 2008 11. 7 2009 12. 5 2010 14. 3 2011 14. 2 Table B. Cross-border M by industry, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industryTotal Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Textiles, enclothe and leather Wood and wood products Electrical and electronic equipment Services Construction Transport, storage and communications Business services Community, social and personal service activities Table C. Cross-border M by region/country, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Region/country World Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies 8 414 12 376 11 898 7 398 5 878 50 84 1 742 8 640 18 2 409 2 438 217 Sales 2010 2011 20 689 6 409 6 249 2 766 7 638 119 216 683 11 514 1 417 3 523 1 415 2 565 15 831 2 077 1 981 4 700 2 825 598 69 9 055 49 263 1 070 1 220 Purchases 2010 2011 18 659 650 745 6 035 2 213 425 122 16 13 274 826 6 123 272 4 28 414 2 744 285 395 4 907 1 483 24 741 75 14 664 5 460 4 692 -3 Sales 2010 2011 20 689 908 12 191 3 497 10 946 5 649 17 585 9 311 180 147 7 983 2 119 15 831 12 036 2 905 4 719 125 4 287 3 951 84 79 735 4 6 92 156 Purchases 2010 2011 8 659 9 173 1 752 5 402 2 019 8 157 -5 159 3 18 7 983 1 329 Table D. Greenfield FDI projects by industry, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Rubber and plastic products Metals and metal products Motor vehicles and other transport equipment Services Electricity, gas and water Transport, storage and communications Finance Business services Table E. Greenfield FDI projects by region/country, 20102011 (Millions of dollars) 20 655 2 300 2 300 7 674 1 197 170 1 769 250 10 681 156 3 678 1 290 5 117LAC as destination 120 113 17 234 17 234 68 900 6 258 4 541 20 242 14 774 33 979 9 518 9 916 2 892 7 291 2010 138 680 21 481 21 446 59 166 10 632 3 424 15 233 15 977 58 034 11 989 20 643 2 786 20 557 2011 LAC as investors 21 754 7 429 7 418 8 373 2 038 3 050 678 360 5 952 1 688 1 424 1 392 410 2010 2011 Partner region/economy World Developed economies European Union Unit ed States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies LAC as destination 20 113 94 771 50 871 21 217 6 585 16 098 23 324 503 9 556 566 836 11 864 2 018 2010 138 680 112 431 57 462 29 109 9 945 15 915 25 880 1 167 8 950 598 699 14 466 370 2011 LAC as investors 21 754 5 200 1 132 566 46 3 456 16 544 809 2 531 826 513 11 864 10 2010 20 655 3 499 1 319 2 038 93 49 17 156 1 774 675 64 178 14 466 2011 CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 53 South America is the main driver of FDI growth to the region. FDI flows to Latin America and the Caribbean increased by 16 per cent to a record $217 billion in 2011, driven mainly by increasing inflows to South America (up 34 per cent).Inflows to Central America and the Caribbean, excluding offshore financial centres, increased by 4 per cent, while those to the offshore financial centres registered a 4 per cent decrease. The high growth of F DI in South America was mainly due to its expanding consumer markets, high growth rates and natural-resource endowment. In 2011 brazil nut remained by far the largest FDI target, with inflows increasing by 37 per cent to $67 billion 55 per cent of the total in South America and 31 per cent of the total in the region.The size of Brazils domestic market explains its attractiveness, as does its strategic position in South America, which brings within easy reach other emerging and fast-growing markets, such as Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Peru. Another important driver for FDI growth to South America has been the relatively high rate of return on investments in the region. Since 2003, South American countries have witnessed significant growth of income on FDI from an annual average of $11 billion during 19942002, equivalent to 0. 84 per cent of the subregions GDP, to an annual average of $60 billion during 20032011, equivalent to 2. 4 per cent of GDP. In 2011, FDI income increased an other 17 per cent, reaching $95 billion. 12 The rise in FDI income during the 2000s, in match with the increase in FDI stock (a nine-fold increase between 1994 and 2011) and share in GDP (from 11 to 28 per cent share in current GDP), was in part driven by increased investment in extractive industries, which have enjoyed high profitability and have attracted a significant part of FDI inflows since the commodity price boom. For example, in Chile this industry accounted for 43 per cent of